HYMENOPTERA. 85 
It remains shortly to notice the arrangements recently proposed by 
Stephens, Saint Fargeau, Dahlbom, and Hartig; the three last of 
whom have devoted almost exclusive attention to this order. ~The 
arrangement of Mr. Stephens agrees with that given above, except 
that a third section (inappropriately termed Tubulifera) is formed of 
the families Chrysidida, Chalcididz, Proctotrupide, and Cynipide, 
and placed after the bees. In adopting this plan, Mr. Stephens was 
doubtless influenced by the remarks of Mr. MacLeay upon the sup- 
posed affinities between the Chrysididze and some splendid foreign 
bees, and between the Chalcididz and the order Strepsiptera, which 
Mr. Stephens places immediately after the Hymenoptera. The re- 
moval of the Cynipide, Chalcidide, &c., from the Ichneumonide, is 
clearly unnatural, as well as the juxtaposition of the latter and the 
ants. 
The views of M. Saint Fargeau, as developed in various articles in 
the Encyclopédie Méthodique, Magasin de Zoologie, Annales de la 
Société Entomol. de France, and more especially in his Hist. Natur. 
des Hyménopteres, are highly interesting, being the result of a scru- 
pulous examination of “toutes les parties des corps de |’ Hyménop- 
tere adulte, dont la forme est expression de ses habitudes morales et 
meme de sa vie sous la forme de larve” (Hist. Nat. Hym. p.89.). 
The adoption of these views has necessarily required a minute in- 
quiry into the habits of the various groups, and an equally careful 
examination of the variations of structure dependent thereupon; and 
its effects are perceived in the arrangement of the families. ‘The 
order is divided into two sub-orders, corresponding with the two 
primary sections given above, but to which the names of Hymén- 
opteres Ovitithers (or Aculeata), and Oviscapters (or Terebrantia) 
are applied, in allusion to the mode of depositing the eggs. In the 
former there is said to be no exterior elongation of the oviduct, the 
eggs passing from the aperture of this organ into an anal cavity *, 
which opens horizontally, and discharges the egg near the food pre- 
pared for the future larva, the female being moreover armed with a 
sting. In the Oviscapters the eggs are introduced into the interior of 
various bodies, and it is necessary therefore that the oviduct should 
* Figured by Reaumur (Mém. tom. v. pl. 29. fig. 1.). This figure is at variance 
with the more elaborate figures of Swammerdam (pl. 18 and“19.) ; hence, as well 
as from the slight degree of attention hitherto bestowed upon the mode in which 
the egg is dischargei! in these tribes, I feel inclined to regard Saint Fargeau’s defl- 
nition with distrust. 
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