108 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
appearance, in the winged state (despite of the variations of the 
seasons) in the last week of May. I have also found, later in the year, 
on the rose bushes, specimens of the larvee of a Lyda (which I do not 
hesitate to regard as those of L. inanita), each enclosed in a portable 
case, formed of bits of rose-leaves arranged in a spiral coil (jig. 
71. 11.). De Geer has figured various species of this genus in his 
40th plate; but the synonymy appears impossible to be traced 
correctly. His figure 15. and Réaumur’s fig. 7. pl. 15. vol. iv. 
represent the twigs and leaves of a pear tree spun together by the 
larvee, most probably, of L. hortorum. 
In general, the larva of these insects arrive at the full size at the 
end of the summer, when they descend from the leaves into the 
ground, in order to pass the pupa state, having previously inclosed 
themselves in a hard cocoon, in which they occasionally introduce 
grains of earth. Some species, moreover, defend themselves by 
spinning an internal cocoon of a finer texture than the exterior. 
Some species, however (Cimbex, Lophyrus, &c.), attach their co- 
coons to the branches or twigs of the trees on which they have been 
reared ; and,as they remain in this state throughout the winter, they 
are easily perceived when the leaves have fallen. 
It is in these cocoons that the insects ordinarily pass the winter ; 
some as pupe (fig. 69. 13. pupa of Trichiosoma lucorum, fig. 70. 11. 
pupa of Cimbex), but many as unchanged larve. The perfect in- 
sects appear at the beginning of the following summer, gnawing a hole 
through the hard cocoon with their jaws. Mr. R. H. Lewis has pub- 
lished a very interesting notice of the habits of the perfect female of 
Perga Lewisii W., a native of Hobarton, Tasmania (Van Diemen’s 
Land). ‘This insect deposits its eggs in a longitudinal incision, be- 
tween the two surfaces of the leaves of a species of Eucalyptus, ad- 
joining the mid-rib; they are placed transversely, in a double series, 
and are in number about eighty. On this leaf the mother sits till the 
exclusion of the larvee ; and as soon as these are hatched, the parent 
follows them, sitting with outstretched legs over her brood, protecting 
them from the attacks of parasites and other enemies with admirable 
perseverance. ‘These observations were made upon insects at large. 
(See, further, Trans. Ent. Soc. vol.i. p. 233.)* 
* Ina subsequent communication, with which I have been favoured by Mr. 
Lewis, he states, “I did not succeed in rearing these larva, nor am I yet acquainted 
with the male insect ; but I have had another opportunity of confirming my obsery- 
