128 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
been given. (See Insect Architecture, p. 373. et seqg., wherein is con- 
tained a good summary of Reaumur’s Mémoir with additions ; Dr. 
Johnston’s Flora of Berwich-upon- Tweed, vol. ii. p. 108.; Arboretum 
Britannicum, p. 1824.) 
It is to Reaumur that we are indebted for a description of a great 
number of galls, these excrescences having formed the subject of one of 
his Mémoires (tom. iii.). (See also Rosel, Zns. Belust. tab. 35, 36. 52, 
53. and 69.; Frisch, Beschr. Ins. vol. i. pt. 2. t. 3.; Swammerdam, 
Hist. Ins. pl. 45.; Vallot, Bull. Sc. Nat. Sept. 1830.) 
Dr. Hammerschmidt of Vienna has made these galls the subject of 
much research, and has prepared drawings of more than 250 different 
species of galls, and the insects which cause them. (Ann. Soc. Fint. 
de France, vol. ii. p. 56. App.) Many of these galls are spherical ; 
some imitating different fruits: others are hairy or tomentose, the 
surface emitting numerous fibrous threads ; such is the gall commonly 
found on the wild rose, termed the bedeguar: others resemble buds, 
flowers, &c.; whilst a few species, found upon the surface of leaves, 
are flat, and have the appearance of minute mushrooms. ‘They also 
differ as to the number of inhabitants found in each: thus, whilst in 
many species a single gall supports only a single gall insect, there 
are some galls (polythalamous) which serve for the residence of great 
numbers of individuals. An instance of this kind has been com- 
municated to me by the Rev. W. Bree, in a gall of large size found 
at the root of an oak just at the surface, from which I obtained nearly 
1100 specimens of C. Q. radicis. This gall was 5 inches long, and 
14 inch broad. (This species was unknown to Reaumur, having been 
first described by Bosc, Journ. de Physique, 1794.) Such is generally 
the case with all the larger kind of galls, each inhabitant retaining 
a cell of its own. Some, however, of the size of an apple, found upon 
some exotic species of oaks, support only a single inhabitant. 
The eggs deposited at the period of the commencement of 
the growth of the gall increase in size like those of the saw-flies. 
(Reaumur, Mém. tom. iii. p.479.). The larve hatched from them are 
small fleshy grubs (fig. 73. 23.) without feet, but furnished with 
fleshy tubercles which the insects employ in their stead. ‘These larvae 
immediately attack the interior of the gall, without preventing its con- 
tinued growth; remaining five or six months in this state. Others, 
however, assume the perfect state within the gall at the end of the 
autumn, but do not emerge from it till the following spring. (See 
