HYMENOPTERA. — CYNIPIDA. 129 
Mag. Nat. Hist. No. 15.). Some species, moreover, undergo their 
transformations within the gall, but others quit it when full grown, 
and enter the earth, there to become pupe (jig. 73. 24.). 
Ratzeburg has traced the developement of Cynips Rosz, especially 
with reference to his theory, that the first segment of the larva (after 
the head) corresponds with the head of the pupa, the eyes and ocelli 
of which are visible through the transparent skin of the back of the 
first segment immediately before the insect assumes the pupa state. 
(Nova Acta Natur. Curios. vol. xvi. pl. 9. f. 22—32.) 
The small round holes often to be observed upon the surface of 
galls announce that the insect has made its escape. Sometimes, how- 
ever, these galls are found to contain a number of Chalcidide, 
especially of the long-tailed kinds (Callimome), the larvae of which 
have destroyed the larve of the true inhabitants. 
Probably no insect has been of greater benefit to mankind than the 
Cynips Galle tinctoriz Oliv. (Enc. Méth. vol. vi. p.281.; C. scriptorum 
Kirby, Introd. vol.i. p.319.), the galls of which are the common gall-nuts 
of commerce, growing upon the Quercus infectoria in the Levant, 
and which are employed in the manufacture of ink. The galls are 
of the size of a boy’s marble, very hard and round, with various 
tubercles upon the surface; they contain but a single inhabitant, 
which may often be found in the interior on breaking the galls. This 
species resembles some of our English species which reside in 
globular oak-galls in its habit of undergoing its transformations 
within the gall, leaving a great portion of the gall unconsumed. 
Those galls which are gathered before the insect has escaped (and 
which consequently contain most astringent matter) are known in 
* trade under the name of black or blue galls and green galls; but those 
from which the insect has escaped are called white galls. (Olivier, 
Voy. dans Emp. Ottoman, and Travels in Egypt, vol. ii. p. 61.3; 
Hardwicke in Asiat. Rep. vol. vi. p. 376.; M‘Culloch, Comm. Dict., 
art. Gall; Stephenson and Churchill, Med. Botany, vol. iv. pl. 152. ; 
Atheneum, April 15, 1837; Arboretum Britann. p. 1931.; Deyeux, 
Mém. sur la Noix de Galle in Annales de Chimie, April, 1793.) 
Another species of these insects produces a gall the real nature of 
which has given rise to great controversy among the commentators 
upon the Bible and Oriental literature. These galls are as large as 
moderate sized apples, which they much resemble, and are found upon 
_ a low species of oak (Q. infectoria), which grows upon the borders of 
VOL. II. K 
