HYMENOPTERA. — CHALCIDIDA. 163 
is that of the imago; but the limbs are closely laid upon the sides and 
breast, to which they appear to be firmly soldered (fig. 77. 22. pupa 
of Eulophus Nemati, fig. ’77. 23.). The pupz of those species which 
have the ovipositor long and exserted, have this instrument bent over 
the back (fig. 77. 19. pupa of Callimome, fig. 77. 20.). The pupa is 
ordinarily black or brown, although at first of a pale fleshy white. 
Mr. Haliday (Hint. Mag. No. 8. p. 225.) states that some of the petio- 
lated Pteromali (Microgasteride W/k.) have the pupa bent double ; 
but these do not inflect the abdomen in oviposition. 
The majority of these insects pass the inactive period of their ex- 
istence naked, and not enclosed in a cocoon. Esenbeck, however, 
states, in the general characters of the family, ‘* Pupa vel nuda, vel 
tela laxiori involuta, chartacea” (Hymen. Ichn. Aff. Monogr. vol. ii. 
p- 6.); and in a subsequent page he describes the proceedings of 
Euplectrus albiventris W. (Microterus albiventris Spin. ; Elachertus 
a. Hsenb.; Euplectrus maculiventris Westw. olim; Spalangia flavipes 
Fonscol. ; Pteromalus bicolor Swed. (?) ; Eulophus b. Walker), which 
species infests the caterpillar of Noctua trapezina, out of which the 
larvee burst forth and spun a white thread, in which they inclosed the 
exuvie of their victims, and beneath which they then underwent their 
own transformations. (Jiym. Mon. vol. ii. p. 136.) 
M. Boyer de Fonscolombe (to whom I am indebted for specimens 
of the majority of the species described by him) has also forwarded 
to me drawings of this insect (under the name of Spalangia flavipes) 
in the larva and imago state; the former being represented as exter- 
nally feeding upon a large Lepidopterous larva. His description of 
this larva differs somewhat, in regard to its habits, from that given by 
Esenbeck. It is as follows: — ‘ Larva erucarum corpori externi 
firmiter extrema sua parte affixa, apoda (ut mihi visum) ovato-sub- 
gibbosa, transverse plicata, ore non distincto, griseo-virescens, sic cum 
eruca crescit, eam paulatim consumens ; ad metamorphosin filis aliquot 
sericis longiusculis crispis inordinatis involvitur.” 
Mr. Haliday also describes the economy of Coruna clavata, which 
is parasitic upon one of the Aphidii, which is parasitic upon an Aphis. 
The larve of the first-named parasite, not content with the covering 
which protects the Aphidius to its final change [namely, the dried 
exuvie of the Aphis], when they are full fed, leave the cavity, and 
spin a white silken web between the belly of the Aphis and the leaf, 
and in this they undergo their transformation. (At. Mag, vol. ii. p. 99,) 
M 2 
