HYMENOPTERA — MELLIFERA. 955 
upper lip: these jaws are kept by the grub in continual motion when it 
eats; and it is by their assistance that it gnaws and divides the balls of 
pollen paste, or other matters which serve for its food. In the larva 
of Anthidium manicatum these jaws (jig. 91. 19.) have three teeth ; 
but in that of Colletes succintus they are acute and entire (fig. 90. 12.), 
thus somewhat resembling the jaws of the perfect insect. Beneath 
these jaws, and reaching to the sides of the head, are a pair of fleshy 
organs, which appear to be soldered to the head, having a fine style 
at the extremity of each. These evidently, from their situation and 
length, represent the maxilla of the future bee; and below these is 
another fleshy, rounded, and somewhat prominent organ (fig. 91. 16.), 
having at its anterior part a transverse corneous line, and a minute 
fleshy nipple, whence the material is discharged which is employed 
by the larva for spinning its cocoon, this part is the rudiment of the 
lower lip. The body, excluding’ the head and including the anal 
segment, is composed of fourteen articulations, of which the second 
and nine following bear a pair of lateral spiracles, beneath which, and 
forming, as it were, the union between the dorsal and ventral parts of 
the body, is a series of lateral, raised, fleshy tubercles, which (toge- 
ther with the jaws) are employed by the larva as organs of locomotion 
in its very limited movements. 
Swammerdam (Book of Nature, pl. 23. and 24.), Schiiffer (Abhand- 
lungen, vol. ii. tab. 1. and 5.), Réaumur (tom. v. and vi.), De Geer 
(tom. ii.), Guilding (Zinn. Trans. vol. xiv.), Walckenaer (Mém. Ha- 
lictus), Ratzeburg (Nova Acta Berl. vol. xvi. tab. 9.), &c., have given 
descriptions and figures of the structure of the larve of various bees, 
which do not exhibit any material diversity. According to Schiiffer, 
the structure of the mouth of the larva differs in the sexes. Swam- 
merdam appears to have fallen into some errors as to the same organs, 
and the portions of the mouth of the perfect insect represented 
thereby. A wide field remains unexplored with respect to this branch 
of the science. 
The pupa (fig. 91. 22. pupa of Apis mellifica ¢ ), whether enclosed 
or not in a cocoon spun by the larva, is at first soft, but exhibits all 
the limbs of the future bee, enclosed in separate cases, and laying 
along the breast. By degrees it acquires greater consistence, and ex- 
hibits all the colours of the perfect insect. And it is to be observed, 
that the exuvia both of the larva and pupa are so exceedingly delicate, 
as to have escaped the notice of some authors, who have asserted that 
