HYMENOPTERA — MELLIFERA. 259 
forcibly pulling out portions of the labium as far as possible.* The 
labial palpi being attached by a muscle (fig. 89. 17. 0) to the base of 
the labium, also undergo a similar withdrawal and protrusion, but to 
a much less extent. The tubular mentum (m. 2.) extends to the back 
of the head, and is defended on each side by the basal portion of the 
maxille (m.1. as in jig. 89. 6, 7.); but if apin be applied between this 
unitedapparatus and the head, two other elbows will be found con- 
necting the tube and the maxilla with the head, and it is not until 
these elbows are extended in nearly a straight line, that the mouth is 
stretched out to its fullest extent. The elevated horny ridge extending 
from the base of the tubular mentum to the elbow nearest the head 
(d), is the fulcrum of Mr. Kirby’s monograph; and the diverging 
horny ridges (dd) connecting the base of this fulcrum with the max- 
illae, are the cardines of Mr. Kirby. In the Introduction to Entomology 
(vol. ili. p. 356. and note, and p. 359. note) this fulcrum is called the 
true mentum, the tube being regarded as the labium, and the striated 
piece as the lingua; the reasons alleged for this nomenclature being, 
that the situation of the fulcrum between the hinges and base of the 
maxillz indicates it as being the real analogue of the mentum ; whilst 
the terminal striated portion, being employed to lap honey, should be 
regarded as a tongue rather than a lip (labium). If we look, however, 
at the place of insertion of the labial palpi, between the tube and the 
striated part (the typical position of these organs being between the 
mentum and labium) ; if we observe that when at rest (fig. 89. 6.), the 
tube rests between the basal portion of the maxilla (which is the 
typical position of the mentum); and if we recollect that the lore, 
cardines, and fulcrum of Mr. Kirby are organs bestowed upon the 
bees for the necessary elongation of the oral apparatus, we can but 
regard the tube of Mr. Kirby as the true mentum, and the tongue as 
the labium. I shall therefore adopt the nomenclature of Latreille, 
Savigny, &c. for these organs. The fulcrum on its upper side 
(fig. 89. 11.) exhibits a narrow gutter (d) enclosed above at its junc- 
tion with the head, by a membrane produced in front (x), so as to 
* JT am not aware that these peculiarities have been so minutely described by any 
preceding author, and have been the more anxious to explain the nature and cause of 
the extension and dilatation of the labium in Anthophora (which, in fact, is its more 
common and natural position when in action), because in seVeral works, including 
Mr. Curtis’s British Entomology, it is represented in an unfolded, but not in a 
dilated state, not being longer than the labial palpi, which might probably induce 
the idea that these figures were not conformable with nature. 
5 2 
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