268 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
from one to six (fig. 91. 4. maxilla of Nomada; fig. 89. 10. m x, ditto 
of Anthophora ; fig. 91. 5. ditto of Osmia; fig. 91. 3. ditto of Anthi- 
dium). The antenne are often elbowed, the basal joint being long. 
The basal joint of the posterior tarsi is often externally dilated, and 
the second joint in some species arises from the internal angle of the 
preceding joint (as in fig. 92. 20.). 
The economy of these species of bees js very different, but may be 
reduced to three heads, namely, Ist, Social bees; 2d, Solitary working 
bees ; 3d, Cuckoo-like parasitic bees. From the great extent of this 
family it has become necessary to introduce various subfamilies, &c., 
for which improvements we are indebted to Kirby and Latreille. 
The former author, commencing the arrangement with such insects 
as most nearly resemble the Andrenidz, and founding his distribution 
upon various portions of the mouth, proposes the establishment of 
subdivisions, in which, after the Andreniform species, the parasitic 
bees succeed, and which are followed by the leaf-cutters and mining 
bees, and the woolly-legged bees; the series being terminated by the 
genera Xylocopa, Apis, and Bombus of modern authors. In this 
arrangement, Mr. Kirby, evidently fearful of placing too great a re- 
liance upon a single character (that of the number of joints in the 
palpi, of the classification resulting from which he has given a table in 
his first volume, p. 129.), and influenced by the general appearance 
of the insects, placed the carpenter bees, Xylocopz, near to Bombus, 
between which, however, the relationship, either in structure or 
economy, is but slight. 
In the same year that Mr. Kirby’s monograph appeared, Latreille 
published a memoir upon the distribution of the bees amongst the 
valuable papers appended to his History of the Ants ; which distribu- 
tion was so similar to that of our countryman, that in his next work 
he thus expressed the lively sentiments resulting from such a coinci- 
dence: “ Aussi ai-je senti la joie Ja plus vive de me voir dans un si 
grand accord avec cet illustre savant; une telle resemblance dans le 
fruit de nos recherches prouve évidemment que la nature qui est une, 
a été notre guide.” (Hist. Nat., &e. tom. ili. p. 370.) In his Genera 
Crustaceorum, §c. (vol. iv. 1809), Latreille, in a note, gave the fol- 
lowing series as indicative of the habits of his groups: 1. Solitary 
Andreniform bees (Systropha, Panurgus): 2. Solitary carpenter 
bees (Xylocopa, Ceratina, Rophites, Chelostoma, Heriades, Stelis) ; 
3. Solitary leaf-cutter bees (Osmia, Megachile); 4. Solitary wool- 
