270 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
of affinities, and one which apparently rejects the least number of 
such relations, than any yet proposed. 
1. Subfamily Andrenoides. Panurgus, leading to Nomada in the 
next subfamily, but rejecting the supposed affinity with Xylocopa. 
2. Subfamily Denudate, passing to Stelis and Ceelioxys in the next 
subfamily, but rejecting the affinity of Melecta and Anthophora. 
3. Subfamily Longilabres, connected with the next subfamily by Osmia, 
Macrocera, Eucera, and Ceratina ? 
4. Subfamily Scopulipedes, passing by means of Epicharis, Lestes, 
and Xylocopa, to Euglossa and Bombus in the 
5. Subfamily Sociales, consisting of the temporarily and_per- 
manently social bees. 
The first subfamily, ANDRENOIDES, or, as it may be more uniformly 
termed, PANURGIDES, consists of insects nearly allied to the Andrenidz 
in the labium being shorter than the mentum, and in the structure 
of the labial palpi, which are composed of continuous linear joints 
(jig. 91. 11.), the two basal ones not being so much elongated as in 
the following subfamilies. The maxillary palpi are 6-jointed 
(fig. 91. 4.) ; the upper lip is short ; and the females are destitute of 
a pollen brush on the under surface of the abdomen. They are, 
however, furnished with a pollen plate on each side of the metathorax, 
and another on the posterior femora: the hind legs have also pollen 
brushes. 
Of the mode of nidification of these insects, nothing is known. The 
perfect insects belonging to the genus Panurgus, according to Latreille, 
are attached to semiflosculous flowers: I have observed them re- 
velling in the pollen of a large Anthemis; and so little disturbed were 
they on my approaching them, that they contented themselves with 
merely holding up their legs on one side of the body, precisely in the 
same manner as the humble bees do under similar circumstances. 
The insects composing the second subfamily, DenupaT# or ME- 
LECTIDES (CucuL1IN& Latr.) (as well as those of all the following 
subfamilies of bees), have the labial palpi formed of two very long, 
flattened, scaly basal joints, and two minute apical ones (fig. 89. 10. + 
and 92.16.). The abdomen is not provided with a ventral pollen brush, 
neither do these insects possess any pollen plates, their bodies being 
