LEPIDOPTERA. 325 
Lepechin’s List of the Orenburg District, Sodoffsky on those of Livonia, 
Brown’s List of Swiss Butterflies in Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii., &c. 
The relations of these insects with the other orders are various. 
Latreille considers them on the one side to be related to the Hyme- 
noptera, the elongated tongue of Bombus and Apis leading towards 
the typical structure of the Lepidoptera, and on the other side the 
want of conformity which exists between the mouths of the larva and 
imago, indicating the relation which exists between the Lepidoptera 
and Diptera. Mr. MacLeay, however, considers them to be interme- 
diate between the Homoptera and Diptera in the haustellated circle ; 
the Homopterous genus Flata, and especially Flata limbata Fab., 
being supposed to bear a distant affinity to certain extreme Lepidop- 
tera as apparent from having been connected by Linnzus and Fabri- 
cius with such trivial names as Phalzenoides, and from the admission 
of Latreille, that the Fabrician Flatz “ressemblent 4 de petits pha- 
lénes ou mieux encore 4 des Pyrales.” The immediate transition 
between Homoptera and Lepidoptera is supposed to be exemplified in 
the Homopterous genus Aleyrodes, or the Tinea proletella of Réau- 
mur and Linneeus. 
The Dipterous genus Psychoda ZLatr. ( Tinearia Schell), and the 
Lepidopterous genus Pterophorus Latr. (Phalénes tipules De G.), are 
assumed to be the connecting links between the Diptera and Lepi- 
doptera. The Lepidoptera are also at the same time regarded by 
MacLeay as forming a passage between the Trichoptera (amongst the 
Mandibulata) and the Haustellata. In the eruciform appearance of 
their larve they are to a certain extent related to the Tenthredinide, 
the larve of which greatly resemble the caterpillars of this order ; 
but the closest affinity is that which exists between them and the Lin- 
nan Phryganez. Thus, whilst Réaumur insists upon this affinity, as 
proved by the general appearance of the insects, De Geer, upon the 
correspondence between the form of their wings and the internal 
organisation of the larvee, and Kirby upon the resemblance of the 
trophi of the Trichoptera and these insects, other and equally striking 
grounds of relation are to be found between the two orders; the case- 
bearing habit of the caterpillars existing in certain groups (Oiketicus, 
Psyche, and some Tinez), the nature of the clothing of the wings of 
Phryganea repeated in certain Tineide, the spinose tibia of both 
groups, the elongated antennz of the Adele and Leptoceri, all tend 
to prove this relationship so strong as to render it almost impossible 
Ye. 
