349 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
are shorter than the head, their third joint is very minute, and they 
are concealed by a very dense covering of long bristly hairs. In Pa- 
pilio they are never exserted ; in Colias, near the preceding stirps, 
they are moderately Jong ; in Terias an evident diminution is apparent, 
and in the following genera the decrease is more sudden. Poly- 
ommatus Phedrus Latr. appears to form a natural connecting link 
between Myrina (belonging to the Vermiform), and Colias (to the 
Chilognathiform stirps); the feet are generally long and robust, and 
the whole of them are perfect, and fitted for walking; the antennze 
are marked with defined rings at the numerous joints, are elongate, 
filiform at the base, and terminated in the typical group by a cylin- 
drical club attenuated at both ends. The normal genera belonging to 
this stirps are, Colias, Gonepteryx and Papilio (divided into three 
sections), and the aberrants are Terias, Pieris, Pontia, Leucophasia, 
Licinia, Thais, Doritis, and Zelima. 
In the CurLopopirormM or Scolopendriform stirps, the appendages 
of the darve, noticed as simple and fleshy on the body of those of Eu- 
ploea and Heliconia *, become rigid and armed with transverse spines, 

typical form of the order; the Iuliform stirps consequently becomes the perfect 
type of the diurnal Lepidoptera. Dr. Horsfield, however, adduces no other grounds 
for this superiority than the position assigned to these insects by Linneus, and 
the more perfect veining of the wings. Mr. Newman, however, denies this supe- 
riority to Papilio, considering Bombyx Atlas as the centre of all Lepidoptera; the 
group Phalena, combining in itself types of the other primary divisions which 
Papilio does not, and, moreover, possessing the characters which Mr. Newman 
assumes to be pre-eminently those of the lepidopterous type, viz., an insect without 
antlia or palpi, with very pectinated antennz, and enormously expansive wings, and 
nocturnal flight. _ If indeed we admit the least perfectly organised individuals in an 
order to be its types, there may be good ground for such a selection of characters ; 
but I confess that I should have selected for the types of the order those in which 
the mouth is best developed, and in which there is the least diversity in the sexes. 
The females of some of the Bombycidz are as imperfect as their larve (Oiketicus, 
Psyche), and in many their imperfect development is indicated by their sluggish 
habits, occasioned by a deficiency or inertness of sense: the true type of any group 
must of course possess the characters of such group in the highest state of develop- 
ment, and it will of course be the farthest removed, or bear the slightest resemblance 
or relation to the conterminous groups. M. Boisduval observes, ‘si comme dans 
d’autres branches de la Zoologie, on youlait mettre en tete les individus d’une orga- 
nisation supérieure, on devrait commencer par les Sphingides.” (Hist. Nat. Ins. 
Lep. p. 169.) 
* These two genera are considered to form the transition between this and the 
preceding stirpes; their larve having a striking affinity with the Chilopodiform stirps. 
