LEPIDOPTERA. — PAPILIONIDE. 84:7 
mitted on all hands to be types of distinct groups, others regarded 
as of primary importance by some writers are considered by others 
either as subordinate or osculant forms; thus, Hipparchia (Satyrus 
Latr.), treated as a distinct type by Horsfield and Swainson, is con- 
sidered as subordinate by Latreille and Boisduval; whilst Heliconia, 
regarded as a primary group by Swainson and the French writers, is 
thought by Horsfield to be osculant. Erycina is another of these 
perplexing groups respecting which so little is in truth known; and 
which has accordingly been placed with the Hesperidz by Horsfield, 
and with the Lycenide by Swainson. In the following arrangement 
I have endeavoured to combine the views of my predecessors. I ac- 
cordingly consider the Heterocera as formed of two primary groups, 
named Nudi and Involuti, from the naked or covered condition of the 
chrysalis, answering to the genera Papilio and Hesperia of Fabri- 
cius, regarding the characters exhibited by the latter or the family 
Hesperiidz in all its stages as of far higher rank than those of any 
of the other groups. The Nudi I divide inte the following fami- 
lies: — 1. Papilionide, including the Pierides ; 2. Heliconiidz, com- 
prising the Danaides ; 3. Nymphalide, including the Hipparchiidz 
(Satyrides Boisd., or Thysanumorpha Horsfield) as well as Bois- 
duval’s 10th, 11th, and 13th tribes; 4. The Erycinide; and, 5, the 
Lycenide. A progression through these various families has been 
already shown by Dr. Horsfield to exist between the Papilionide and 
Heliconiide : from these to the Nymphalide, and thence by Hip- 
parchia to Erycina, the progression is natural, whilst Erycina is in- 
termediate, according to Latreille, between Hipparchia and Lycena. 
Between this last tribe and the first cr Papilionidee (both having girt 
pup), Polyommatus Phaedrus is regarded as the connecting link 
by Dr. Horsfield, and thus the Involuti (fam. 6. Hesperiide) would 
be thrown out of the circle were we to adopt this regular series, 
unless we adopt Mr. Swainson’s plan, and consider it as intermediate 
between the Polyommatide (Lycenid) and the Papilionide. 

The first family PariLionip® Leach comprises the giants of the 
diurnal tribes, and is distinguished by the perfectly ambulatory 
structure of the fore legs in both sexes (fig. 95. 1. Papilio Machaon 
$*); the ungues distinct and simple, or bifid; antennz having a 
* All the figures upon this block (95. anté, p. 332.) represent details of Papilio 
