348 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
distinct club, but never hooked at the tips, and the girt condition of 
the chrysalis (except in Doritis) ; the discoidal cell of the hind wing is 
closed. The other characters of the family, which is equivalent with 
Dr. Horsfield’s Iuliform*stirps, will be found in a preceding page 
(341.) in the account of his arrangement. 
This family comprises two very distinct subfamilies or tribes, as 
they are called by Boisduval; namely, the Papilionides and Pierides. 
In the Papilionides the anal edge of the hind wings is concave or 
folded. The middle longitudinal nerve of the fore wings posteriorly 
emits four nerves, whereas there are only three arising from this 
nerve in all the other butterflies. They have the palpi very short 
(fig. 95. 3.), not extending in front of the eyes, with the third joint 
scarcely distinet; the club of the antenne (jig. 95. 7.) forms an 
elongated mass; the ungues are entire and simple; the wings are 
broad with the discoidal cell always closed; the abdomen free and 
not received in a gutter. The caterpillars (fig. 95. 9.) are slow, 
eylindrical, thickened, never villose nor hairy, with two retractile 
tentacles placed on the neck, in the shape of a fork, arising from a 
common tubercle, and which the insect throws out when alarmed, 
emitting at the same time a disagreeable odour ; by this means the 
larvee are supposed to keep the Ichneumons at a distance. 
There is considerable diversity in the appearance of the larvae of 
the restricted genus Papilio (excluding Ornithopterus); some, as 
P. Machaon, are cylindrical and smooth; others (P. crassus) are 
protected by rather long fleshy prominences; others (P. Polydorus 
Horsfield, pl. 3. f. 17.) are short and thick, with numerous short 
fleshy points, and some resemble snails (P. Podalirius Curtis, B. E. 
pl. 578.), and a very great number (P. Arjuna Horsfield, pl. 4. 
f.11., P. Pammon Jdid. pl. 3. f.2.) have the two anterior segments 
attenuated, and capable of being retracted under the third and fourth, 
which are dilated and ornamented with eye-like spots, like those of 
some of the Sphingide. The larva of P. dissimilis (Horsf: pl. 8. f. 1.) is 


Machaon; 95. 2., the head from above; 3., ditto sideways; 4., the labrum, man- 
dibles, and base of the maxille ; 5., the labium, the base of one of the labial palpi, 
and base of one of the maxilla, to show the rudimental palpus ; 6., the labium, with 
one of the labial palpi; 7., tip of antenne ; 8., fore leg of the male; 9., caterpillar, 
with the nuchal tubercle exposed, attached by the tail, with a girth round the 
middle of the body ready for pupation ; 10., the pupa, 
