354: MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
which are thickly covered with hair; the labial palpi are proportion- 
ably longer; the wings more robust ; the posterior grooved to receive 
the abdomen, and with the discoidal cell either open, as in Apatura 
Iris (fig. 98. 11.), or closed by a slender nerve, as in Argynnis Aglaia 
(fig. 98. 10.) ; the tarsal ungues are entire, with a long entire or bifid 
appendage, and a long pulvillus (fig. 98. 8,9. ungues of Argynnis 
Paphia, and 99. 4. ungues of middle legs of Vanessa). The cater- 
pillars are variable in form (fig. 98. 2. larva of Vanessa Polychloros ; 
98.12. larva of Apatura Iris; 99.5. larva of Hipparchia Typhon), 
and the chrysalis is simply suspended by the tail (jig. 98. 3. pupa of 
V. Polychloros ; 98.13. ditto of Apatura Iris). Many of the species are 
amongst the most beautifully varied in their markings and colours, 
whence the names of the Linnzan sections Nymphales, Ocellati, and 
Phalerati, and such English names as the peacock, painted lady, 
Camberwell beauty, and red Admirable butterflies. In many species, 
the under side of the wings is splendidly ornamented with numerous 
pearl or silvery spots. These have from this spotted appearance 
obtained the English name of Fritillaries, from the spotted flower of 
the same name. Others of them have the upper surface of the wings 
adorned with the most splendid silvery blue, belonging to the genus 
Morpho, which comprises also some of the largest of known butter- 
flies. Others are of a changeable gloss of intense purple in the 
males (Apatura Iris, or the purple emperor). A very few species, 
also, have the hind wings produced into several tails, whence they 
were placed by Linnzus amongst his Equites (Charaxes Jason* 
Linn.). These two last-named groups have the head of the larve 
armed with strong horns, the body naked, and the tail furcate (fig. 
98:12. ). 
The species forming the genus Hipparchia (Satyrus Laér.; jig. 99. 
7. Hipparchia Typhon ; 8. head of ditto; 9. palpus of ditto denuded ; 
10. apex of antennz ; 11. base of hind wing) have the larvee (fig. 99. 
5. larva; 99.6. pupa of H. Typhon) also distinguished by the latter 
character ; they are, however, of a feeble construction in the imago 
* M. Duponchel has published an interesting memoir on the transformations 
of this insect (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1837), from which it appears that the 
mode in which its caterpillar undergoes its moultings differs materially from that 
of other butterflies, the head, from its peculiar form, being disengaged and cast off 
entire some time before the rest of the body is denuded: its transformations are 
also described and figured in the Fauna Regn. Napoli. 
