HOMOPTERA. — COCCID. 44:7 
indicative of the sexes; and it is not until the following April that 
this is first perceived, by the further increased growth of the females, 
and by the males assuming the pupa state, which is quiescent, with 
the limbs arranged upon the breast, the fore-legs being directed for- 
wards, a peculiarity not occurring in any other insects. They are 
much infested by Chalcidideous parasites, several species of which 
belong to a distinct genus, intermediate between the Encyrti (which 
are also parasites on this family) and the Eulophi, and which I have 
described under the name of Coccophagus. 
The type of this family (and for which, of course, the generic name 
Coccus must unquestionably be retained, instead of Illiger’s name Le- 
canium*) is the Coccus Ilicis Zinn. (Lec. llicis Burm. vol. ii. p.'71.) ; 
a species which lives upon the Quercus or Ilex coccifera (a low bushy 
shrub, a native of the South of Europe or the Levant), and which 
was the insect which supplied the famous dye xoxxoc of the Greeks, 
coccum or coccus baphica of the Romans (whence the origin of the 
terms coccus and coccinum given to cloth dyed with this production ; 
whilst persons wearing this kind of cloth were said by the Ro- 
mans to be Coccinati (Mart. lib. i. epig. 97. lin. 6.) ; the Chermes or 
Kermes of the Arabs, Cremesi or Cocchi of the Italians, and Alkermes 
of the Persians. The females of this interesting species (for specimens 
* Burmeister unites into one genus this species and many others having the 
body of the female greatly swollen without any trace of limbs or articulations ; and 
those which have the body flat, slender, and shield-like (LL. Hesperidum, &e.), with 
the limbs, antennz, and anal appendages distinct ; the latter may retain the name 
of Lecanium, C. Ilicis that of Coccus, and C. Cacti that of Pseudo-Coceus. Signor 
Costa, in his memoir published in the third volume of the Aéti del Reale dIncorr. 
alle Scienze naturali di Napoli, and in his subsequent monograph of this family, has 
made still greater confusion in the nomenclature of these insects, uniting C. Cacti 
and Polonicus into one genus, first named Diaprostocetus, and then changed to 
Dactylopius. The genus Chermes Geoffr., including C. Hesperidum, Quercus, Coryli, 
Rusci, &c., he first named Calimmata, and subsequently Calypticus; and some 
smaller species analogous to C. cryptogamus Dalm., and C. linearis Latr., Réaum. 
tom. iv. pl. 5. f. 5—7., he has named Diaspis. He has changed many specific 
names, and regarded many distinct species living upon different plants as varieties 
of the same species, their differences of colour, form, and texture being “secondo il 
nutrimento e l’indole degli umori che dalle piante ritrae” — “o per eccessiva ridon- 
danza di umori che la pianta gli somministra, o per la qualita degli stessi!” and he 
asserts, contrary to Réaumur, De Geer, and all other authors, and as the result of 
“ infinite osservazioni sopra migliaja di casa, e sopra moltissime specie, che il maschio 
sia simile alla femmina, tranne la sola figura un poco piu stretta,” &c., considering 
the male figured by Réaumur in the act of impregnation as a parasitic Ichneumon! 
