496 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
Metathoracic wings, replaced by a pair of small slender filaments 
clubbed at the tip (halteres, poisers, or balancers, “ malleoli, or little 
hammers,” Swammerd.). 
Mouth antliate, with a fleshy proboscis (labium), forming a canal, 
and enclosing several lancet-like organs, varying in number, but 
always destitute of labial palpi. 
Tarsi 5-jointed. 
Prothorax reduced to a very small collar. 
Pupa coarctate or incomplete. 


Lehmann. Ins. Sp. Hamburg. ex Ord. Dipt., in Acta Nat. Cur. Bonn. tom. xii. 
1824. 
De Geer. Mémoires, tom. vi. 
Meigen. Versuch. ein. n. Gattungs. d. Eur. zweifl. Ins., in Illiger Mag. 2 band. 
1803.—Ditto, Klassificaz. n. Beschr. Europ. zweifl. Ins., 2 vols. 4to. Brunsw. 
1804. — Ditto, Systemat. Beschr. d. bek. Europ. zweifl. Ins., 7 vols. 8vo. 
1818-1838. 
Ruthe. Ein. Beitrage zu Meigens syn. Beschreib., &c. Isis, 1831. Heft 11. 
Macquart. Ins. Dipt. du Nord de la France, in Mém. Soe. Roy. de Lille, 1825. 
et seq. — Ditto, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Dipt , 2 vols. Paris, 1834-1835. (Suites 
a Buffon.) — Ditto, Diptéres Exotiques, vol. i. p. 1 and 2. 1838, 1839. 
Leconte and Say. North Am. Dipt., in Trans. Lyceum Nat. Hist. of New York. 
Say. Descriptions of Dipterous Insects of United States, in Journal of Acad. Nat. 
Hist. of Philadelphia, vol. iii. 1823, 1824. — Ditto, Dipt. of United States, in 
ditto, vol. vi. pt. 1, 2. (See also Guérin, Bull. Zool. p. 33.) —Ditto, American 
Entomology. 
Cuvier, in Journ, d’Hist. Nat. tom. ii. (Observ. sur quelq. Dipt.) 
Dufour. Deser. de quelq. Ins. Dipter. Ann. Sci, Nat. tom. xxx. 1833. 
Haliday. Catal. of Diptera, occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomol. 
Mag. 1832. — Ditto, in ditto, passim. — Ditto, in Annals of Zool. Nos. 9., 
17... &Cs 
Roser. Verz.Wurtemberg. Diptera. 8vo. Stuttg. 1834. 
Bouché. Ueber d. Korpertheile d. zw. Ins., in Mag. d. Gesellsch. Nat. Fr. 
Berlin, 1812 (6th year). — Ditto, in Nova Acta Natur. Curios. vol. xvii. 
(Dipterous Larve. ) 
Westwood, in Taylor’s Lond. and Ed. Phil. Mag., April and June 1835. — Ditto, 
in Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1835. (n. g. and sp. Dipt.) 
Schelver. Betrachtungen, &c. uber den Flug u. d. Gesumme einig. zw. Ins., in 
Wiedemann, Archiv., 2 b. 2 st. 
Burmeister, in Poggendorft’s Annalen, and Silhermann’s Rev. Ent. No. 4., and in 
Taylor’s Sci. Mem. pt. 3. (Noise made during flight.) 
Walker. Diptera of N. Holland, in Ent. Mag. vol. ii. p. 468. — Ditto, in Trans. 
Linn. Soe. vol. xvii. — Ditto, in Entomol. Magazine, passim. 
And the general works of Linneus, Latreille, Guérin, Boisduval, Kirby, Geoffroy, 
Panzer, Harris (Exposit. Engl. Ins.), Waltl (Reise nach Spanien), §c. 
