DIPTERA. — TIPULIDZ. 513 
Tipula, and distinguished by the proboscis being very short, its in- 
ternal organs slightly developed *, and terminated by two large fleshy 
lips ; the palpi longer than the proboscis, 4-jointed and generally folded 
back: some species have been described as having five joints ; it ap- 

Fabricius. Beschr. d. Atlas. Mucke u. ihr. Puppe (Simulium sericeum), in Schrift. 
Berlin. Ges. Nat. Fr. B. 5. 1784. 
Schonbauer. Gesch. der Schadl. Kolumbatezer mucken, 4to. Wien, 1795. 
Guérin. Mém. sur un Ins. du g. Boletophile, Ann. Sci. Nat. tom, x. — Ditto, 
Mém. sur les Met. de Ceratopogons, &c., Ann. Soe. Ent. France, tom. ii. 
Meigen. Abbild. aller Europ. zweifl. Ins., Hamm. 1830. Heft 1. 
Brullé, in Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, vol. i. and ii. p. 398. (Xyphura). 
Hummel, in Mém. Soc. Imp. Natur. Moscow, tom. vi. (n. sp. Ctenophora). 
Schummel. Besch. Schles. art. g. Limnobia, in Beytrage zur Ent. die Schles. 
Th. 1. — Ditto, Versuch d. g. Tipula, 3 pl. 8vo. Breslau, 1833 (57 species). 
Stannius, in Beitr. zur Ent. d. Schles. Th. 1. (Transf. of Limnobia Xanthoptera).— 
Ditto, Bemerk. einig. art. g. Macrocera, Platyura, Sciophila, Leia, and My- 
cetophila, in Isis 1830. — Ditto, Observationes de sp. gen. Mycetophila, 4to. 
Vratislav. 1831; and in Rey. Entom. de Silbermann, tom. i. p. 273. 
Bose, in Ann. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, tom. 1. (Ceroplatus). 
Sauter. Beschr. d. Getreideschanders (Tipula cerealis), 8vo. Winterth. 1817. 
Kirby. History of Tipula (Cecidomyia) Tritici, in Trans. Linn. Soe. vol. iv. and v. 
Say. Hist. of Cecidomyia destructor, in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 
vol. i. p. 45. 
Bose. Sur une n. sp. Cecidomyia (C. Pox), Nouv. Bull. Soe. Phil. 1817. 
Mannerheim. Mém. n. sp. Cecidomyia, in Mém. Soc. Imp. Natural. Moscow, 
tom. ii. 
Vallot. Mem. sur quelq. Esp. d. g. Cecidomyia, in Analys. des Travaux Acad. 
Roy. Sci. 1827; and Ferussae Bull. Oct. 1828, — Ditto, on Cec. Pow, in 
Ann. Sci. Nat. July, 1833. 
Dalman, in Vetensk. Acad. Kong]. Handl. 1816 (Chionea). 
Burmeister. Ueber d. g. Nematocera (Hexatoma Latr.), in Thon’s Archiy. vol. ii, 
Halid«y, in Zool. Journ. vol. vy. (Orphnephila). 
Kuhn, in Der Naturforscher, St. 18. 
Giéeze. Beschr. Wasserthierchen, &e., in Beschaft. Berl. Ges. Naturf. &c. Band 1. 
1775-79. — Ditto, Naturgesch. d. Muller’s Gliederwurms, in Der Natur- 
forscher, St. 15. 1780. 
And the general works of Meigen, Macquart, Wiedemann, Haliday, Curtis, Fa- 
bricius, &c. 

* Ordinarily the mouth consists but of a triangular labrum, a bilobed labium, 
and a pair of maxillary palpi; but in Rhyphus, Ceratopogon, Geranomyia, and Bibio, 
the labrum is Jarger and the tongue distinct. In Glochina and Boletophila, the 
maxille also exist; whilst in Spheromias and Simulium, the whole oral apparatug 
is found as fully developed as in Culex, except that the parts are shorter. 
VOL. II. LL 
