DIPTERA. — TIPULIDES. 525 
the small triangular labrum; 3. proboscis beneath, with one of the 
4-jointed palpi, showing its origin obliquely upon a short basal 
piece which has been ordinarily regarded as a basal joint, but which 
appears to me to represent the maxilla; its texture is different to that 
of the palpus); the body, wings, and legs are long, the nervures 
numerous, and forming discoidal cells. The wings are wanting in 
Dalman’s genus Chionea. In Erioptera atra Meztg. (Molophilus brevi- 
pennis Curt.), for specimens of which singular insect I am indebted to 
M. Meigen himself, the wings are so short as to be unfitted for flight. 
This subfamily comprises the typical species of the family to which 
the vulgar name of Daddy-long-legs has been applied; the French 
term them “ couturiéres, tailleurs,” &c. The species of the typical 
genus Tipula are found in damp meadows in vast numbers, especially 
in autumn, the larve feeding upon the roots of grass, and occasionally 
doing much mischief. This is particularly the case with Tipula ole- 
racea, the larve (fig. 126. 4.) of which sometimes thus completely 
lay bare wide tracks of meadow. ‘The females deposit their eggs in 
the ground by the assistance of the exserted scaly plurivalve ovi- 
positor with which they are furnished. (See Réaumur, Mém. tom. v. 
pl. 2.) The species of Trichocera are of smaller size, and are observed 
flying in the middle of winter whenever a glimpse of warm sunshine 
allures them from their winter-quarters. Dalman also discovered the 
singular Chionea* araneoides running quickly upon fallen snow in 
Sweden throughout the winter. (Act. Holm. 1816, p. 182., and 
Anal. Entomol. p. 35.) 
The larve of many species reside in damp ground, or in the rotten 
parts of trees (fig. 126.4.) ; they have the thoracic portion not so dis- 
tinctly observable as in some other species; they are not furnished 
with false legs, but have two short horns at the anterior, and several 
fleshy conical appendages at the posterior extremity of the body ; the 
mouth is composed of parts which have some analogy to those of the 
Mandibulata, but their structure requires a more precise investigation 
than has been given to it. The pupe (fig. 126. 5.) are naked, with 
two respiratory tubes near the head, and the margins of the abdominal 
segments are spiny, enabling them to thrust themselves forward to 
the surface of the ground when ready to assume the winged state. 
* Tam indebted to Dr. T. W. Harris, the celebrated American entomologist, for 
an undescribed species of this remarkable genus, found, but very rarely, in New 
Hampshire (U.S.). My specimen is a female, with an ovipositor, like Tipula; 
Dalman represents a male. (Act. Holm. 1816. tab. 2.) 
