544 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
figures Anthrax morio, of which he observes, ‘ Plusieurs mouches de 
cette espéce ont été tirées d’un nid creusé dans le bois” (p. 290.) ; 
he, however, considered that these specimens had been stored up by 
some of the fossorial Hymenoptera for the food of their progeny 
(p. 272.). Zetterstedt observes, “ Plerasque species ova in terra are- 
nosa (corpore scilicet perpendiculariter erecto vaginaque anali elongata 
in arena emaissa) deponere seepe observavi. Igitur, ‘ Larvas in terra uli- 
ginosa metamorphosin subire’ immerito statuit Fallen, nec ‘imagines 
juxta aquas stagnantes’ versari vidi. ‘Larvas in ligno putrido vivere,’ 
dicit Meigen, quod tamen vix credibile mihi videtur.” (Ins. Lapp. 
p- 521.) This author also discovered seven or eight pupe of Anthrax 
sinuata (which he describes exactly corresponding with my specimens 
subsequently mentioned) under a stone, “ intra folia Betule nanez in 
formam cylindrorum conglomerata, occultis.” 
All these authors have, however, overlooked the direct observations 
of Schiffer, who has figured the larva ( fig. 129. 1.), pupa, and imago 
of Anthrax ornata (or a closely allied species) as one of the parasites 
in the nest of the mason bee (Megachile muraria) (Abhand. v. Ins. 
vol. ii. pl. 5. fig. 11, 12, 13.). 
M. V. Audouin has confirmed in his unpublished observations the 
parasitic habits of Anthrax morio by rearing it from the nest of an 
Anthophora. He has given me one of the exuvie of the pupa, which 
retains its previous pupa-form, and exactly resembles the pupa of Bom- 
bylius. He remarked that the Anthrax makes its way out of the cell 
of the bee, immediately before assuming the perfect state, by the as- 
sistance of its dorsal spines, in the same manner as Cossus. I have 
also found exactly similar exuvie in the nest of Megachile muraria. 
M. Percheron, on the other hand, figures the pupa of Anthrax sinu- 
ata, together with a cell of earth formed by the larva (Genera Insect. 
Dipt. pl. 1.). 
M. Macquart has separated the genus Nemestrina * from the An- 
thracidz from its shorter form, the great elongation of its proboscis 
extending beneath the body, and several other characters ; it appears 
to me, however, to constitute a link between the Bombyliidz and the 
Anthracidee, the veins of the wings of the latter being very variable, 
* See Olivier sur le g. Nemestrina (Nouv. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1810); Fischer (in 
Act. Mosq. Nat.) (Rhyncocephalus, Nemestrina); Westwood (in Lond. and Edinb. 
Phil. Magazine, June. 1835). 
