574 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 
tailed by Swammerdam (Book of Nature, pl. 43.), as well as by Kirby 
and Spence. 
The larve of Drosophila cellaris inhabit fermented liquids, in cel- 
lars and similar places. They are white, and have the mouth armed 
with two corneous jaws. Mr. Haliday reared Drosophila funebris 
from pupe found in boleti. The puparium figured by Curtis (B. &. 
p. 473.) is oblong-ovate, with two frontal horns, setose at the tip, and 
with two shorter anal appendages. 
Borborus nitidus resides, in the larva state, in rotten fungi, as ob- 
served by M. Robert. (Macq. Dipé. tom. ii. p. 566.) Mr. Haliday has 
given a detailed description of the larva of Borborus equinus in his 
monograph on the Borborides, published in the Hxtomol. Mag. No. 14. 
It resembles that of Scatophaga stercoraria in general form. ‘The ter- 
minal segment has the usual conic protuberances behind the anal 
cleft, and its margin bears a circle of smaller ones: the openings of 
the anterior and posterior trachez are of the usual form; the former 
fan-like, and each of the latter consisting of three oblong spiracles, 
surrounded by a dark ring. The larve of Ulidia demandata was ob- 
served by Bouché in old horse-dung, by thousands. (Naturg. p. 98-) 
Oscinis Frit. is a small species, which commits great ravages in the 
barley crops of Sweden. Other species, allied to this insect, are in- 
jurious to wheat crops; such are Chlorops Pumilionis (Bjerkander, in 
Trans, Acad. Stockh. 1778, and Markwick, in Linn. Trans. vol. ii.), 
also Chlorops glabra (Westwood, in G'ardener’s Magazine, vol. xiii. 
p-289.). Olivier, also, in his Ist Mémoire sur quelques Insectes qui 
attaquent les Céréales (Paris, 1813), has described several allied spe-. 
cies which are injurious to wheat crops. ‘The larve of another species, 
referred doubtingly by Macquart to the same genus (Musca Lepre 
Linn.), is considered as the cause of the disease to which the negroes 
of South America are subject, named Elephantiasis. 
Many of the species of Ephydra frequent salt marshy situations. 
The larva of the Silesian species, E. salinaria, was observed by Klug 
in great numbers in salt boilers (Salzsiederei). The larva is cylindri- 
cal, without feet, and the terminal segment of the body very long, and 
terminated by a long fork, the prongs of which support the spiracles 
at the tip; the puparium scarcely differs from the larva (my jig. 132. 
11.; Bouché, Naturg. pl.6. fig. 13.). 
The larvee of the genus Phora are supposed by Macquart to feed 
upon moist or decomposing substances; although Bouché states that 
