AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 
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SECTION I. 
LEPIDOPTERA DIURNA. 
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Tur Diurnal Lepidoptera, or butterflies corresponding with the Linnwan genus Papilio, are distinguished not 
only by having the antenna long and slender, and terminated in a larger or smaller club, and in the terminal 
family hooked at the tip, but also by the want of a bristle at the base of the anterior margin of the hind wings 
beneath, which, passing through a loop on the under side of the fore-wings of the moths, retains them in their 
proper place during flight. The wings, moreover, when at rest, are mostly carried erect over the back, their 
upper surfaces being brought into contact. The flight of these insects is diurnal. Their caterpillars are 
constantly furnished with sixteen feet (six thoracic, eight ventral, and two anal). Their chrysalides are almost 
always naked, attached by the tail, and often by a girth round the middle of the body ; they are often angular in 
their form, and are scarcely ever enclosed in a cocoon. 
The Diurnal Lepidoptera are divisible into the six following families:—1l. Papilionide (including two 
sub-families, Papilionides and Pierides). 2. Heliconiide (including the Danaides). 3. Nymphalide (including 
the Hipparchiides, or the Satyrides of Boisduyal, or Thysanuromorpba of Horsfield, and some other minor tribes 
separated by Boisduval). 4. Erycinide. 5. Lycwnide. 6. Hesperiide. The last family differs from all the 
others in the habit of the caterpillars rolling up leaves, within which they undergo their transformation. 


FAMILY I. 
PAPILIONIDA, Leacu. 
This family consists of some of the most gigantic species of butterflies, distinguished by having all the six feet 
in the perfect state fitted for walking, the anterior pair not being more or less rudimental ; the hind tibize have 
only a single pair of spurs at the tip ; the tarsal ungues are distinct and exposed ; the antennz are never hooked 
at the tip, the club being distinct, but variable in form; the palpi are variable, but the third joint is never 
suddenly slenderer than the rest and naked ; the central cell of the hind-wings is always closed behind by a nerve. 
The caterpillars are elongated, nearly cylindrical, and naked; the chrysalides are attached not only by the 
ordinary anal hooks, but also by a girth round the middle of the body. In one genus (Parnassius) it is, how- 
ever, inclosed in a rough cocoon. 
This family is divisible into two sub-families, Papilionides and Pierides. The first sub-family, Papitioniprs, has 
the anal edge of the hind-wings concave, or cut out to receive the abdomen ; the anterior tibize have a spur in the 
middle ; and the tarsal ungues are simple. The caterpillars are furnished with two fleshy retractile tentacles, 
forming a fork upon the back of the segment succeeding the head. 
