5 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 
GENUS I. 
PAPILIO, Linwavs. 

The antennz are elongate, with a moderate-sized club, gradually formed and somewhat curved ; the palpi are 
very short, so as to be scarcely seen,—they appear only two-jointed, the third joint being almost obsolete ; the 
spiral tongue is long; the eyes are large and naked; the abdomen rather short, and ovate-conical ; the wings 
are elongate, and more or less toothed at the edges, the posterior pair being often produced into a long tail, and 
having the anal margin cut out to allow the motion of the abdomen ; the strong central nerve of the fore-wings 
emits four branches behind ; and the middle cell of the hind-wings is closed and emits six nerves. The fore-legs 
are alike in both sexes, the two fore-legs being fitted, as well as the four hind ones, for walking; the anterior 
tibiw have a single strong spur at the middle, the four hind tibie have two long spurs at the tip of each. The 
larvee are naked, and furnished on the neck with a fleshy furcate tentacle, which they are able to retract or exsert 
at will. The chrysalides are attached by the tail, and girt round the middle with a silken thread, with the head 
pointing upwards, and forked, or bimucronate. 
This genus is extremely numerous, Boisduval having described as many as two hundred and twenty-four 
species, exclusive of several which he has detached under other generic names. They are mostly of large size, 
and are found in the Tropics, only three or four species being natives of Europe. 
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE I. 
Insrcts.—Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon (the swallow-tail Butterfly). 2. The Caterpillar. 3. The Chrysalis. 
ce Vig. 4. Papilio Podalivius (the scarce swallow-tail B.) 5, The Caterpillar. 6. The Chrysalis. 
Fig. 7. Goniapteryx Rhamni (the brimstone B.,) the male. 8. The female. 9. The Caterpillar. 10. The Chrysalis, 
Prants.—Tig. 11. Daucus carota (wild Carrot). 12. Prunus spinosa (Sloe.) 13. Rhamnus Catharticus (Buckthorn). 
“ 
I have here introduced Papilio Podalirius, though still considered doubtful by some entomologists, as a British species. My figure is drawn 
from an Italian specimen of my own taken near Tivoli, which differs from the individual figured by Mr. Curtis, in having the black stripes less 
strongly marked*, Papilio Machaon and Goniapteryx Rhamni are from English specimens in my own collection, and I should have liked to have 
added G, Cleopatya from a beautiful Ttalian specimen, as in most countries of Europe it is equally common with G. Rhamni ; but no instance of its 
being seen in England has, I believe, yet occurred. It might however, I should think, be easily imported; but Boisduval asserts that 
G. Cleopatra and G. Rhamni have both been reared from the same eggs, and that the caterpillars offer no perceptible difference even in the 
markings ; thus inferring that the more rich colouring of G. Cleopatra is attributable to the effect of climate upon the more robust individuals. 
It is singular, however, if this be the case, that similar varieties do not occur in favourable climates in other parts of the world where G, Rhamni 
is common ; in Nepaul for instance, or parts of North America, where the slight modifications effected in G. Rhamni by climate or food are but 
slight. H. N. H. 

* The unusual darkness of the markings of Mr. Read’s English specimen of P, Podalirius, tends to confirm the really indigenous character 
of that specimen, which seems to be completely supported by the fact that the individuals taken farther south than the one figured in Plate I., 
namely in Spain and the north of Africa, have the ground colour of the wings “ toujours sensiblement plus blanc,’’ which has induced M. Godart 
to regard them as forming a distinct species under the name of P. Feisthamelii. J. O. W. 
+ The variety figured by Mr. Curtis cannot be considered even an approach to G. Cleopatra. H. N. Hy 
