34 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 
SPECIES 1.—APORIA CRATZEGI, Hiihner. THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE BUTTERFLY. 
Plate vii. fig. 5—8. 
Synonymes.—Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Crategi, Linn, Syst. Nat. Pieris Crategi, Schrank, Latreille, Boisduval, Zetterstedt, Stephens, 
ii. 758. Lewin Papil. pl. 24. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. xiii. pl. 454. | Curtis B. E. pl. 360. Duncan Brit. Butt. pl. 11, fig. 2. 
Albin Brit. Ins. pl. 2, fig. 2, a—d. Wilkes M. & B., pl. 95. Pontia Crategi, Fabr., Ochs., Leach. 
Harris Aurelian, pl. 9, fig. g—k. Luconea Crategi, Donzel, Aun. Soc. Ent. de France, 1837, p. 80. 
Aporia Crategi, Hubner, Verz. bek. Schmett. 
This remarkable insect varies in the expanse of its wings from 21 to 23 inches. The wings are entirely of a 
white cream-colour, and are alike on both sides, the veins being black and more or less dilated, their extremities 
on the fore wings being accompanied by triangular dusky spots. In the female the veins of the fore wings are 
generally of a brownish hue. 
The caterpillar is at first black, but is afterwards thickly clothed with whitish hairs, with the sides and belly 
of a leaden grey colour, marked with two longitudinal red or yellow stripes. The chrysalis is of a greenish white, 
with two lateral yellow lines and a great number of black dots. 
This is a very destructive insect on the Continent, its larva feeding in society under a silken web not only on 
the white thorn (Cratzegus oxyacantha), but also on the Prunus spinosa, the cherry-pear, and other fruit trees. 
M. Kollar has given a long and interesting account of its proceedings in his work on obnoxious insects, to which 
I must refer the reader, and of which a translation illustrated with woodcuts has recently been published by the 
publisher of this work. De Geer has also given an account of its transformations. It is fortunate, however, 
that this insect is of uncommon occurrence in this country, so that hitherto we have not experienced any of the 
injuries which it is capable of inflicting, and which led Linnzus to call it the pest of gardens. Pallas also relates 
in his travels that he saw this butterfly fiying in such vast abundance in the environs of Winofka, that he at first 
took them for flakes of snow. It appears in this country somewhat periodically, being found plentifully in the 
New Forest in Hampshire, and at Combe wood in Surrey, although I have never scen it in the latter place during 
many years’ collecting. It has also been taken at Chelsea, Muswell Hill, Herne Bay, Glanville’s Wooton, Dorset, 
Euborne, Berkshire, and other parts of the south of England. In France there appear two broods, one in the 
spring, the other in autumn. ‘Their periodical appearance may probably be owing to the failure in the preceding 
year of their natural enemies, but the cultivator ought to take advantage of their appearance in the winged state 
in order to prevent their increase, as the destruction of one female butterfly would prevent the deposition of a 
certain number of eggs, and the mischief attendant thereupon. 


FAMILY II. 
NYMPHALIDA, Swarnson. 
This, which is the third family of the butterflies, is in effect the second British family, there being no 
indigenous species of the second family Heliconiidaw. The butterflies of which it is composed are for the 
most part very beautifully coloured, and of very robust structure; so that their flight is powerful and quick. 
They may be said to be of the middle size ; few equalling the giant size of some of the Papilionide. Their chief 
