AND THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS. 5 
SPECIES 2.—VANESSA POLYCHLOROS. THE GREAT TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY. 
Plate xiii. fig. 5—8. 
Synonymes.—Papilio Polychloros, Linneus, Haworth, Lewin Vanessa Polychloros, Ochsenheimer, Curtis, Stephens, Duncan 
Papil. pl. 2. Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. viii. pl. 278. Albin Ins. | Brit. Butt. pl. 17, fig. 2. 
pl. 55. Wilkes, pl. 108. Eugonia Polychloros, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett.) 
This species is larger than either the preceding or following, with both of which it agrees in the general 
character of its markings, the wings measuring from 2} to 3 inches in expanse. On the upper side all the wings 
are of a dull orange-colour, darker at the base. The anterior have four black subquadrate spots on the posterior 
part of the disc, and three larger abbreviated fasciw on the costal edge. The outer margin is dark, with an irregular 
pale line. The hind wings have a large black costal spot, and the outer margin is obscure, with dull blue 
crescents, and two slender pale lines, parallel to the margin. The under sides of all ite wings are clouded with 
numerous fine black transverse streaks and lines, the basal half being darkest ; or rather,’ there is a very broad ash- 
coloured fascia beyond the middle of both wings. Beyond this, and parallel with the outer margin, is a row of 
dull bluish Iunules ; the hind wings have a small white dot in the middle. There are several varieties, arising 
from the greater or less extent of the black markings. 
The caterpillar feeds on the elm, and is gregarious, at least previous to the first moulting of the skin, the 
young brood living beneath a common silken web. It is blackish or brownish, with a lateral yellow line, and the 
spines subramose and yeliow. The chrysalis is flesh-coloured, with golden spots, and is attached to the bark of 
the trees on which the larvee feed. 
The perfect insect appears in the middle of July * ; but some individuals survive until the following spring, 
when they appear in a faded state. It is occasionally very abundant, breeding in the environs of the metropolis 
where elms abound. I have taken it at Chelsea, and it used to be found in Copenhagen Fields, and numerous 
other localities in the South of England have been given. Mr. Duncan also says that it had been found as far 
north as Dunkeld, and in many intervening places. It is, however, very uncertain in its appearance. 
Réaumur has given ample illustrations of the transformations of this species in his Mémoires, tom. i. pl. 23. 

SPECIES 3.—VANESSA URYICH. THE SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL BUTTERFLY. 
Plate xiii. fig. J—13. 
Synonymrs.—Papilio Urtice, Linnzeus, Lewin Pap. pl. 3. Vanessa Urtice, Fabricius, Ochsenheimer, Stephens, Duncan 
Donovan Brit. Ins. vol. ii. pl. 55. Albin Ins. pl. 4, f. 6. Wilkes | Brit. Butt. pl. 19, fig. 1. 
Tos. pl. 107. Harris Aurelian, pl. 2, fig. inn. Eugonia Urtice, Hiibner (Verz. bek. Schmett). 
This very beautiful but most abundant species varies in the expanse of its wings from 1° to 24 inches. The 
wings above are of arich orange colour ; the anterior dark at the base, with three short broad costal bars, between 
which the ground colour of the wings is paler; behind these are three unequal-sized round spots. The exterior 
margin of all the wings is black, with a row of blue lunules, and two pale slender parallel submarginal lines. The 
basal half of the hind wings is also black. Beneath, the orange colour is replaced by pale stone colour, and the 
two smaller posterior discoidal spots are wanting. The margins of all the wings on this side are freckled with 
brown, having a row of black lunules. Various varieties have been described and figured in which the black 
* On the Continent, it is stated to appear in the spring and at the close of the summer; but I apprehend that the early spring specimens are the 
remnants of the preceding years, and not a distinct brood. 
