54 
the larva crawls along the ground to a suitable place to spin its cocoon. 
The worms have two modes of leaving the fruit left on the tree. In 
some cases they drop by a silken thread to the ground. I have 
observed a larva hanging by this thread, and many threads were 
noted hanging from the trees. The other, and by far the most com- 
mon method, is for the larve to crawl from the apple to a branch and 
thence to the tree trunk. 
Upon leaving the apple the worm immediately seeks a place to spin 
the cocoon. The place usually selected is under rough, loose bark, in 
cracks or holes of the tree trunk and larger branches, under bands or 
cloths on the trees—in fact, in almost any dark and tight crack or 
crevice. Many cocoons are placed in cracks in the ground about the 
trees. This is especially true when the tree trunk is smooth and offers 
no suitable place. Mr. McPherson says he has found many cocoons 
among the clods of earth in his orchard. Where apples are stored the 
worms spin the cocoons in the boxes. I have found as many as 30 
cocoons in and on one box. Having found a satisfactory place, the 
larva spins a tough silken case. In the earlier broods the laryee spin 
their cocoons quite thin and do not usually use other substances than 
silk in its construction. The last brood, however, build their cocoons 
thicker, and in nearly all cases hollow out a space for it and mix little 
pieces of wood, bark, or cloth with the silk. The larva is bent in a 
U shape in the cocoon. If the cocoon be destroyed the larva will set 
to work immediately to build another or to repair the old one if it be 
not completely destroyed. 
THE PUPA. 
In from three to five days in the summer the larva sheds its skin 
and becomes a pupa. In the last brood the larval stage lasts until the 
spring. The pupa is at first of a yellowish color, later becoming 
brown and then bronze in color. When the moth is ready to emerge, 
the pupa, aided by the spines on the abdominal segments, wriggles 
itself out of the cocoon. I have seen empty cases that had been thrust 
through heavy muslin which was used as a band. 
These empty pupal skins are familiar objects upon infested trees. 
I once counted 50 of them protruding from under pieces of bark in a 
space of about a square foot. During the warmer season the time 
spent in the cocoon is from seven to eleven days. Many stay in a 
longer, but very few a shorter time. The last brood stay in the 
cocoon about eight months. 
THE MOTH. 
The moth is a beautiful insect whose front wings have the color of 
brown watered silk, and are crossed by lines of brown and gray 
scales. Near the tip of the wing is a large bronze-colored spot. The 
