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In the larval state, especially when young, there are many agencies 
of destruction. I have found tips of branches upon which there was 
but one apple. On the leaves near by there were half a dozen or so 
hatched eggs, while the apple contained but one larva. In one case 
the larva would have to crawl 20 feet before finding another. 
In many cases I have found from 2 to 5 per cent of the larvee dead 
before they had commenced their burrow to the center of the apple 
from the mine under the skin. There are very few deaths due to 
fungus and bacteria in the dry regions. In many orchards, in which 
the water used for irrigation is allowed to stand around the trees, the 
number of infested apples is markedly less than in those orchards 
where irrigation is by ditches. Also one does not, as a general rule, 
find as many worms under bands on trees which have moist soil around 
them. The only explanation is that the moisture either causes the 
insects to die by fungus or bacteria or to seek other places. This 
method, however, has grave disadvantages, since water allowed to 
stand in an orchard will sooner or later kill the trees. 
NATURAL ENEMIES. 
I did not succeed in finding any ege parasites, but within a pupa I 
found a pupa of a Hymenopter, but the parasite did not emerge. It 
was probably a Pimpla. In another pupa I found many pupe of a 
Hymenopterous parasite, which died before becoming adults. Under 
some neglected bands were many silk cocoons, probably of a Micro- 
gaster. Although they are not bred directly from the codling moth, 
there is little doubt but that they were from this insect. 
While the larvee are seeking a place to spin their cocoons in the day- 
time they are preyed upon by ants and birds. Chickens allowed in an 
orchard eat them readily. Often I have observed holes in the bark, 
and upon examination found empty cocoons. One evening several 
bats were noticed flying around apple trees and probably feeding upon 
the moths. 
PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 
One of the best preventive measures is following the best general 
horticultural practices, such as keeping the soil and trees in healthy 
and vigorous condition and keeping a close watch upon the orchard. 
If a fruit grower has no codling moths, what should he do to keep them 
out of his orchard? The answer to this question has many conditions, 
according to location, etc. To begin with, every grower should be 
familiar with this insect in all its stages and know how to fight it. An 
orchard may be at such an altitude that the insect will not be a very 
serious pest. In this case the small amount of damage should not be 
an excuse for letting it alone. It would be well for the grower to be 
