7 
in 1872, that ‘‘At all events this insect is invariably double-brooded 
in the latitude of St. Louis,” and expressed his doubts of its being 
single-brooded in New England. The year following Le Baron,! in 
speaking of the codling moth, says, ‘‘It is universally double brooded 
at the West; at least, in all parts of the State of Illinois and farther 
-south.” In recent years we have had the number of broods estimated 
by different entomologists, in various parts of our country, all the way 
from one to four, with variations in the form of ‘‘ partial broods” 
thrown in. In fact it has almost become the custom to announce that 
in one’s locality the codling moth is one-brooded with a partial second, 
or two-brooded with a partial third, and even three-brooded with a 
partial fourth. So far as my experience has gone, the insects with 
which I have had to deal have been very uniform in the number of 
life eyeles through which a species-passes during a year, and I recall 
no instance in my experience where an insect normally possessed an 
annual or otherwise regular fractional brood, and I am unable to find 
any published data giving strong evidence of such a brood of the 
codling moth in this country, except that from Dr. Smith, published 
in Entomological News (Vol. V, p. 284). Dr. Smith was unable for 
several years in succession to obtain any moths of the second brood 
in his breeding cages, though wormy apples continued to appear in 
the orchards in September and October. 
In a recent letter from Dr. Smith he states that there is a partial 
second brood of the codling moth at New Brunswick, N. J., the larvee of 
which attack, chiefly, pears of two varieties—Kieffer and J apan 
Golden Russet. The fact that at least a partial second brood occurs 
at New Brunswick makes me wonder if two full broods do not regularly 
occur under normal conditions in the orchard. It is a point upon 
which we should have more data both at New Brunswick and in other 
northern apple-growing districts where it has been supposed less than 
two annual broods occur. Larimer County, Colorado, is at the north- 
ern limit of successful apple-growing within the State, yet the codling 
moth appears to have been regularly two-brooded there during our 
studies upon its life history for the past three years at least, and I 
have been able to find no adequate evidence of even a partial addi- 
tional brood in the warmer valleys in the mountainous districts, 
where peaches, apricots, nectarines, and the tender varieties of Cali- 
fornia grapes are grown to perfection. In breeding large numbers of 
insects of any species it is not surprising to obtain an occasional 
individual out of season. We have had a very few such instances in 
rearing many hundreds of the codling moth, but not enough to desig- 
nate them as a partial brood. | For example, three larve appeared in 
our cages before July 15, that remained larvee over winter. I con- 
sidered these mere stragglers that in some manner had been pre- 
vented from undergoing their life cycle in a normal manner. 
‘Third Rep. State Entomologist of Ill., p. 172. 
