44 
to its attacks onthe pear and apple, having spread (rarely, as the con- 
ditions show) tothe others from these two. 
The pear in Japan is represented by the old orchards of native trees 
and dooryard or garden trees, usually also native for the most part. 
These orchards and trees are usually of considerable age, fifty to one 
hundred years, except the replants. During the last thirty years a 
good deal of American pear stock has come into Japan chiefly from 
California without any fumigation, and very often undoubtedly 
infested with the San Jose scale. 
The nursery business in Japan is very largely limited to three 
principal nursery districts or communities, and these were early thus 
infested, and the new stock from America and the native varieties 
grown in the nursery alongside of the former, and infested therefrom, 
have been sent out all over the Empire in small lots and used to 
replace trees in old native orchards or planted here and there in yards 
and gardens, scattering the San Jose scale exactly as it was in eastern 
America a few years ago, and the San Jose scale conditions in Japan 
to-day are the exact counterpart of what they are in our Eastern 
States. 
In many instances I was able to see the beginning of scale infesta- 
tion on American or other stock obtained but a few months before 
from one or other of these nurseries, two of which I have examined. 
In two instances, at least, the San Jose scale was on the young stock of 
experiment stations—American varieties, which the stations were 
experimenting with and about to introduce in their respective 
provinces. 
In most of the orchards of native trees only, the scale had acquired 
but a very slight foothold. Newly set trees (which were traced in 
nearly every instance to one of these nurseries) were the centers of 
contagion, or in some instances new orchards alongside of old ones 
had carried the scale to the bordering trees of the old orchard. 
Old native pear trees in yards and gardens are usually still exempt 
from this scale, and when infested, easily accounted for by the near-by 
presence of new stock. It very naturally suggested itself that the 
native pear of Japan is resistant to the San Jose seale, and this is the 
more plausible because it is a rather scraggy, rough-barked plant, 
much more so certainly than the American varieties. 
A very little examination demonstrated, however, that the San 
Jose scale once carried to one of these native pear trees affects it just 
as severely as it does the American variety. In other words, it is not 
scattering or rare, but when it once gains lodgment, multiplies rap- 
idly in the temporary absence of its ladybird enemy, and occasion- 
ally kills a tree. Were it a native species we should certainly find it 
widely scattered, though probably sparingly, in these old orchards 
and yardtrees, as is the Diaspis on the cherry and plum, ete. 
The apple is scarcely grown at all in the south two-thirds of the 
Empire, save as exemplified by a few orchards near Tokyo. Further- 
