ile 
FAMILY COCCIDZ (SCALE INSECTS). 
The scale insects, or bark-lice, are readily known from most insects 
in that the stages commonly seen are immovably fixed to the bark or 
leaf, and show no outward sign of legs or other structures. For a 
short time after birth they are active, crawling creatures, and distribute 
themselves over the surface of the plant. Having selected a location, 
they push their long and thread-like beaks deep into the tree and pro- 
ceed to suck up the sap. As they grow the protected or covered bark- 
lice secrete a waxy substance that hardens and forms the scale. When 
the insect molts the old skin or exuvium remains attached to the scale. 
The shape, color, and position of this exuvium is of great value in 
identifying the species. 
Their small size and similarity of appearance makes their determina- 
tion difficult, and it is rarely safe to determine the species by a few 
individuals, but on a moderately infested branch one is apt to find 
some specimens that are quite characteristic of the species. 
The unprotected bark-lice, such as the Lecaniums, secrete no cover- 
ing scale. 
TABLE OF SCALE INSECTS. 
1. Soft scales, without a shield-like covering, very convex, on peach or plum. 
Lecanium nigrofasciatum. 
2. Armored scales, with a shield-like covering and showing an exuvial spot, much 
ESSEC OMe xet Mase CANIM, 2p Ne ceoe ays, ons =the ok oe ee eee 2 oe ee 3 
3. The exuvium shows as a circular spot situated near the center or at least remote 
from the edge of the scale; the adult female scale more or less circular, rarely 
MAUD NSS BING COL Ie meeetrchee naib ay cprpeye es nye ha Se Ie Dek oe aS Ispidiotus. 
4. The exuvium showing as a more or less ribbed, elliptical spot at the end or close 
to one edge of the scale; scales usually whitish in color; if not, then of an oyster- 
5. Seale brownish; the female of an oyster-shell shape, male ovate. 
Mytilaspis pomorum. 
6. The scale whitish, female not oyster-shell shaped, male scale elongate. -------- 7. 
7. The female scale plainly ovate, much longer than broad; the male scale having 
three longitudinal keels (see fig. 4, d).------------------- Chionaspis furfurus. 
8. The female scale is irregularly circular, but little longer than broad; the male 
RealeanwiinmomemmedianukeGelv ssi. these os. LE Ck ee Seales re hl eos 9. 
9. Exuvium orange or bright yellowish; on fruit trees; male with keel rather indis- 
(UE SE PS ra ah eS et Diaspis pentagona. 
10. Exuvium pale or dull yellowish; on raspberry and blackberry; male with distinet 
k@all ne ne BES cee ES Re ee eee ee ere Aree ey lulacaspis rosie. 
THE PEACH LECANIUM. 
(Lecanium nigrofasciatum Perg.— fig. 1.) 
This insect, formerly known as ZL. persicae, is one of the largest of the 
scale insects, being about one-fifth of an inch long and two thirds as 
wide. It is elliptical in outline and strongly convex. It is usually of 
a dull greenish-brown color, sometimes distinctly marked with darker 
