11 
including the early individuals of the second generation. In 1901, by 
numerous countings, the average was found to be 83 per cent, with a 
minimum of 79 per cent. In one counting of 130 apples, 106 had 
entered the calyx and 24 the side. About half of those that 
entered by the side entered where the apples touched. In 12 apples 
there were two worms each. Three larvee were killed by fungi or 
bacteria. Of those which had left the apples, 13 had left by the calyx 
and 17 by the side. 
By far the larger number of the larvee of the later generation enter 
the apple at other places than the calyx—in some cases, from 90 to 100 
per cent. They enter at the sides (Pl. I), at the stem, and particu- 
larly where the apples touch. In badly infested orchards it is a rare 
exception to find apples which touch without finding also the entrance 
place of a codling-moth larva. 
A few larve of the second generation were taken out of their bur- 
rows a few hours after they had entered and were placed upon apples in 
order to see what they would do. All immediately commenced search- 
ing for a place to enter. They would try to bite through the smooth 
skin, but their jaws would make but little impression. One of them 
entered at the stem, another found a broken piace in the skin, and 
another succeeded in piercing the smooth skin. As has been noted by 
other observers, 1 found that the larve while entering eat but little, if 
any, of the skin or flesh of the fruit, but push the particles out behind 
them. They seem intent upon getting away from the light. Professor 
Cordley states that he has seen them spin silk over the mouths of the 
holes as soon as they have fully entered. 
A few authors have acvanced the opinion that those larve which 
hatch on the leaves eat sparingly of the leaves before they find the 
apples. In spite of many attempts to throw light upon this point, the 
writer can offer no evidence; but he believes that many perish on 
account of this habit, as they get any poison that may be on the leaves. 
In the field a large majority of newly hatched larvee never reach an 
apple, but perish. This was especially true in 1901 on account of the 
scarcity of apples. The apples which had 23 and 17 eggs had only 5 
and 4 worm holes, respectively. 
When entering by way of the calyx, the larva eats its first few meals 
at the surface before commencing its burrow into the fruit. On enter- 
ing at the side, the larva eats out a circular mine immediately under 
the skin, which can be easily distinguished by its lighter color. In 
about three to five days the larva, after making its burrow funnel- 
shaped, starts toward the central portion of the fruit. When the calyx 
is entered a large amount of castings is thrown out (PI. I, 7), but 
when the side is entered but a small amount is thrown out (PI. I, 
A, L, CV). When the central portion of the fruit is reached the larva 
eats out an irregular cavity which is found filled with pellets of excre- 
