25 
them materially. In one block of Jonathans fully 50 per cent of the 
clean apples had spots caused by the soap. 
It is intended that future work will show exactly which one of these 
arsenites is the most effective. 
EXPENSE OF SPRAYING. 
From the data given by the fruit growers it is found that spraying 
is comparatively inexpensive. ‘The material to spray 2,000 trees costs 
about $5. Orchardists always have teams and men already employed, 
so that the extra expense on account of spraying is very small com- 
pared with the benefit. By the use of a gasoline-power outfit the work 
can be done much more quickly, and, in a large orchard, with less 
expense in the end. When quickly done the cost should be less than 
1 cent per tree per spraying. If inferior appliances are used, or the 
trees are larger than the average, the cost will be greater. Labor is 
the most expensive factor in spraying. 
PicKInG AND Desrroyinc Wormy FRruir. 
While the larvee are feeding in the apples, these may be picked and 
destroyed. This is especially recommended as an effective remedy for 
use early in the season. As has often been shown, thinning the apples 
to 4 inches apart produces a finer quality of fruit and causes the tree 
to bear well each year. It is strongly recommended that in Idaho, 
between June 1 and 15, the fruit be thinned, and that in thinning all 
wormy apples be removed and destroyed. The writer believes it well 
worth while to thin apples in order to kill the codling-moth larve, 
without considering the other advantages. Picking and destroying the 
wormy apples during July and August is too expensive to be of any 
great value in a large commercial orchard. 
In order to get best results, orchards should be cleared of all wind- 
falls as promptly as possible, so that the worms contained may be 
destroyed. In some small orchards it is the practice to allow hogs to 
run in the orchard and pick up the windfalls. It would be an almost 
endless and expensive undertaking to pick up and destroy the wind- 
falls in a large orchard every day or two. The writer does not think 
it worth the expense if the proper precautions are taken in the use of 
the bands. 
The cheapest and most effective way to get rid of culls, windfalls, 
and the apples picked in thinning is to bury them. Water should be 
allowed to run into the holes, and not less than 10 inches or a foot of 
earth should cover the fruit. If the earth is in clods, it will be well 
to pack it. Many observations were made during the season of 1901 
to ascertain the effect of burying in this way. In many cases the larvee 
succumbed to diseases induced by the moisture. Most of them spun 
