352 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 



Telescope, 1829; Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, art. Elm; Au- 

 douin in Ann.Soc.Ent. deFrance for 1836, App. p. xiv. — xvi.; and 1837, 

 p. il. ; various observations by Mr. Spence in the Journal of Pro- 

 ceedings of the Entomological Society, vol. ii. pp. 13. 15. 20. 25. &c.; 

 and a paper by myself in the Gardener s Mag. for August, 1838. 

 Dr. Ratzeburg has given figures of the different species of Scolytus, 

 and of the larva and pupa, in his Forst-Insecten Col. pi. 14. Another 

 species of the same genus (S. pygmaeus) is also exceedingly de- 

 structive to the oak, many thousand young trees having been destroyed 

 by it in the Bois de Vincennes. (See Ann. Sgc. Ent. France, 1836, 

 pp. xvi. and xxx. ; and 1837, p. iv.) Kollar has detailed the habits of 

 Scolytus hcemorrhous, which attacks the trunks of the plum ; and of 

 Trypodendron dispar, which attacks the bark of the apple ; whilst the 

 trunk of the plum is also occasionally attacked by the Scolytus de- 

 structor. (^Naturg. der Schadl. Insect. Wien, 1837.) 



The great pine forests in Germany are, in certain seasons, very 

 much damaged by Tomicus typographagus ( fg. 4'2, 9. ; 42. 10. 

 maxilla; 42. ll. labium ; 42.12. antenna; 42. 13. tarsus), which is 

 there called the Turc ; and the injury caused by which is known 

 under the name of the wurmtroekniss. The evil is occasionally so 

 great, that prayers are offered up in the churches against its ex- 

 tension. In 1783, the number of trees destroyed in the Hartz 

 forest alone amounted to more than a million and a half. (See 

 Wilhelm's Recreatio?is of Natural History, cited by Latreille, Hist. 

 Nat. &c. tom. ii. ; also Gmelin, Abhandlung iiber die Wurmtroekniss. 

 Leipz. 1787; Phil. Trans. 1705; and Dudley in the 24th volume of 

 the same Transactions. 



Other species belonging to this family are also very injurious to 

 pines and firs, as the Hylurgus Piniperda, upon which some inter- 

 esting observations by Professor Lindley have been published in 

 Curtis's Frit. Ent. art. 104. Dr. Ratzeburg has also published a 

 very extensive series of observations upon the habits of these de- 

 structive insects in the Entomologische Beitrage (^Act. Acad. Natiir. 

 Curios, vol. 17.), and more especially in his Forst-Insecten., in which 

 a great number of species of Hylurgus and Tomicus, in their various 

 states, are beautifully figured. Rossmiisler has also given the his- 

 tory of Tomicus typographus, chalcographus, Pinastri, Abietiperda, and 

 Laricis; and Hylurgus Piniperda; mhh Forst Insecten. Leipz. 1834. 

 See, also, Loudon's Arboretum Britannicum, art. Pinus. 



