4f(^ MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 



Posterior wings large, thickly reticulated, folded longitudinally. 



Mouth with transversely movable jaws, the posterior pair being 

 galeated. 



Anus often styliferous. 



Pupa semi-complete, active, resembling the imago, but with rudi- 

 mental wings. 



This order comprises numerous well-known Insects, often of large 

 size and splendid colours, and of which the common cockroaches, 

 soothsayers, walkingsticks, and leaf insects, grasshoppers, crickets, 

 and locusts, are tlie types of the various families of which it is com- 

 posed. 



The body is in general much elongated ; in some, however, it is 

 shorter, subovate, and depressed (Blatta). The head is, in general, 

 large, corneous, and vertical, with the mouth occupying its inferior 

 posterior part. The antenna^ are often very long and filiform, and 

 composed of a great number of minute simple joints. Amongst the 

 locusts, however, and some of the female leaf insects, the number of 

 joints is comparatively small ; and in others these organs are pecti- 

 nated (as in some of the Mantidae). The eyes are, in general, large, 

 and the ocelli two or three in number, but often more or less ob- 

 solete. The upper lip is generally transverse, but rounded in front, 

 and attached to the clypeus (which is also very distinctly articulated 

 at the base), generally covering the mandibles, except the sides, at the 

 base. The mandibles are very robust and horny, often sub-triangular, 

 rounded externally, but internally formed for biting, and armed with 

 several teeth ; the left mandible being generally more toothed than 

 the right, the inner surface of which is more irregular, In order to fit 



Thunherg. Dissertatio Entomol. de Hemipt. Maxill. Capensibus. Upsal, 1822. — 

 Ditto, Hemipt. IVIaxill. Genera Illustr. &c., in Mem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. t. v. 



Fischer. Conspectus Orthopterorum Rossicorum, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. t. vi. 1833. 



Philippi. Orthoptera Berolinensia, 4to. Bevlin, 1830. 



Zetterstedt. Orthoptera Sueciae, Lund. 1821. 



Charpentier. De Orthopteris Europa?is in Horse Entomol. Wratislav. 1825. 



Audouin and Bridle. Hist. Nat. Tns. vol. ix. 1836. 



Say. Orthoptera of the Rocky Mountains, Journi Acad. Sc. Philad. t. iv. 



Serville. Revue Methodique, in Ann. Sc. Nat. torn. xxii. 



Marcel de Serres. Anatomy Orthopt. Ann. du Mus. torn. xii. xiv. and xvii. — Ditto, 

 On the Eyes of the Orthoptera, Journ. de Physique, No. 58. 



Ahrens, Fahricius, Perty, Drury, Donovan, De Geer, Fuessly, Hayenhnch, jR'dsel, 

 Olivier {Enc, Meth.), Palisot Beauvois. 



