410 MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS. 



entirely obsolete, being the only known instance in which hind wings 

 exist without fore wings. Many species, however, remain apterous 

 or subapterous throughout their whole lives, whilst others have one 

 sex winged, and the other apterous or subapterous. The posterior 

 wings are large, membranous, strongly reticulated with veins, and 

 longitudinally folded when at rest, the principal veins being dis- 

 posed somewhat like the bars of a fan ; the legs are long and robust, 

 of various structure, raptorial in the Mantidse, cursorial in the Blat- 

 tidae, ambulatorial in the Phasmida?, fossorial in Gryllotalpa, saltatorial 

 in the locusts, &c. ; the tarsi are uniform in the number of the joints in 

 all the legs, not exhibiting that variation found in the heteromerous 

 Coleoptera ; the joints (with the exception of the terminal one) are 

 generally spongy or leathery on the sole ; the penultimate joint often 

 bifid, and the terminal joint often with pulvilli between the ungues ; 

 the abdomen, as in the Coleoptera, is attached to the posterior part 

 of the thorax by its whole breath, composed of eight or nine distinct 

 segments; the extremity of the body being often furnished with ar- 

 ticulated appendages or seta?, which in the crickets are of great length, 

 and exist in both sexes ; in the locusts, however, these appendages 

 are wanting. The females are, moreover, in some groups, furnished 

 with an exserted corneous ovipositor. 



In their internal anatomy, these insects exhibit so superior a degree 

 of developement, as to have led M. Marcel de Serres (who has pub- 

 lished a very elaborate memoir upon the subject in the Annales du 

 Museum, tom. xiv. and xvii.) to regard them as entitled to the fore- 

 most rank amongst insects. The saltatorial species are especially re- 

 markable for the apparent multiplicity of their stomachs, of which 

 four have been attributed to the mole cricket (Gryllotalpa), of which 

 the first is round and membranous, from which proceeds a very short 

 canal, which conducts to a second stomach or gizzard, shorter than 

 the preceding, but muscular, and furnished internally with scales, or 

 horny points, or teeth (analogous to the teeth found in the stomach 

 of the Crustacea), arranged in five longitudinal series*, each composed 

 often or twelve small laminae;, performing a sort of peristaltic motion by 



* There are six longitudinal divisions in the mole cricket, each composed of three 

 series of serrated teeth ; and, as there i>re fifteen teeth in each of the three series 

 of the six divisions, the gizzard contains 270 [teeth. (Kidd, in Phil. Mag. 1825, 

 p. 414. ; and see a memoir on the anatomy of the mole cricket by Hoeven, Bull, 

 lies Sc. Nafiir. Jan. IS31 ; and also by Jacobaus in Bartholiiii Act. Ilafii. vol. iv. ) 



