ORTHOPTEUA. — PHASMID^E. 433 



is effected, not, as in the earwig, by the transverse folding of the wing, 

 so as to enable it to be folded beneath the small wing-cover, but by 

 the front margin of the hind wing being greatly thickened, serving as 

 a flat plate, beneath which the other part of the wing is folded longi- 

 tudinally ; the latter part being often differently coloured. Thus, in 

 some species the short wing-covers and the front margin of the wing 

 are pale green, whilst the other part of the wing is pink. Many 

 species, however, remain throughout their lives without ever acquiring 

 wings or wing-covers. 



In addition to the sexual differences in the number of the abdominal 

 segments, above-mentioned, the males are generally longer and more 

 slender, with the abdomen broader at the tip, and with shorter wing- 

 covers, longer wings, and more slender antennee. 



The internal anatomy of Phasraa (Bacteria) arumatia has formed 

 the subject of a very elaborate memoir by Dr. Miiller, in the Nova 

 Acta Naturce Curiosorum, vol. xii. par. 2., and which has been re- 

 viewed in the 3d volume of the Zoological Journal. 



The ordinary names of walkingsticks, straws, or leaves, spectres, &c., 

 and the systematic names of Phasma and Phyllium, have been given to 

 these insects, from their singular resemblance to vegetable structures 

 "in their form, substance, and vascular texture; some representing green 

 leaves, and others those that are dry and withered : nay, sometimes this 

 mimicry is so exquisite, that you would mistake the whole insect for a 

 portion of the branching spray of a tree." (^Kirhy and Spence.) Hence 

 it is not to be wondered at, that fanciful authors should have been in- 

 duced to regard these creatures as exhibiting an identity of animal and 

 vegetable development. Thus Bradley, although a F.ll.S., described and 

 figured two species of Folium ambulans (as he termed these walking- 

 leaf Phasmidae), and informs us that the insect is hatched from eggs 

 deposited in the buds of trees at the time that the buds begin to shoot. 

 " Tile insect is then nourished by the Juices of the tree, and grows to- 

 gether with the leaves till all its body is perfected ; and at the ftiU 

 of the leaf drops from the tree, with the leaves growing to its body like 

 wings, and then walks about';'' after which follow divers spccula- 



* New Improvemetits of rianting and Gardening, 1718, parts, p. 77, 78. Ditto, 

 Philosoph. Account of the Works of Nature, 1739, p. 212. This is the same author 

 who gravely recorded the transformation of moths into bees, figuring the hiiniining 

 bird hawk-moth, and the bee-sphinxes, as the intermediate stages ! (See Ilaworth, 

 in Entomol. Trans. 1807, p. 2.5.) 



F F 



