﻿VII 



discussions of the proportions, the distance between the snout 

 and the base of the caudal fin; in giving the largest size known 

 for a species, we include the caudal fin. 



The Head is measured from the tip of the snout to the end 

 of the opercle, its proportion to the length is indicated e.g. 

 as follows : head 4 — 4'/'2 means, that the length of the head 

 is contained 4 to 4^/^ times in the length. 



Height is the maximum height; in special cases it is indi- 

 cated how it is measured; the figures placed behind "height" 

 indicate how many times it is contained in the length. 



The size of the Eye, the length of the Snout, of the Jazvs 

 etc. are compared with the length of the head; thus "eye 4" 

 means, that its diameter is '/4 of the length of the head. 



In counting the Scales, under "Z. /." is given the number 

 of scales, with or without sensory organs, between the head 

 and the caudal fin or, in most cases, between that fin and 

 the upper corner of the opercle. 

 -.1/ 



Z^. /. >^ signifies, that there are ^V. rows of scales between 

 6(7) "^ '■ 



the dorsal fin and the lateral line and 6 to 7 below it, the 

 lateral line itself is in this case not counted. In other cases 



the lateral line itself is also counted f. i. L. t. i (between 



I 

 D. and V.), which signifies, that there are 4'/2 rows of scales 

 between the dorsal fin and the lateral line, one in the lateral 

 line itself and one between it and the ventral fin. 



In the Fin formulae the spines and the simple, non-branched 

 rays are generally indicated by a figure, separated by a point 

 from that of the number of the branched rays. 



The last soft ray of the dorsal and anal, in case it is cleft 

 to the base and therefore counted as two by some authors 

 (Bleeker e. g.), is reckoned as one, being supported by a 

 single pterygophore. 



The Gilbneiiibranes may be totally free from each other and 

 from the isthmus; they may be united, but still remain free 

 from the isthmus; or they may be connected with the isthmus 

 and with each other. When in the last case the posterior 

 border of the united gillmembranes is not quite adnate to 

 the isthmus, there remains a free posterior margin, running as 

 a fold over the isthmus from one gillopening to the other. 



