222 Mr. H. W. Bates on the Papilionidas 



difference in the sexes of the Lyctenidse mth regard to the legs was 

 not detected until 1843, when Drs. Adolf and Otto Speyer published 

 a treatise on the subject. This, which was called by Erichson in 

 his Annual Report " a beautiful discovery," aided veiy much to com- 

 plete our knowledge of the different variations of structure*. Ten 

 years afterwards, viz. in 1853, the legs were fii'st employed as the 

 leading featui-e in the classification of the Diurna by two authors, 

 viz. Lederer in Austria, and Wallengren in Sweden. Both applied 

 their system, however, only to the European species, and neither 

 seemed to recognize the distinction between the Lyesenidse and 

 Papilionidae. Wallengrenf divided the section into — 1. Tetrapodes, 

 2. Hexapodes, and 3. Heteropodes. Lederer :t also proposed three 

 divisions (excluding the Hesperidse), viz. : 1. All feet perfectly deve- 

 loped in both sexes — Equites (Papilionidse), Pierides, Lycsenides. 

 2. Fore legs in (S imperfect, in $ perfect — Erycinides and Liby- 

 theides. 3. Fore legs rudimentary in both sexes — Nymphalides, 

 Danaides, and Satyroides. Of these two arrangements the latter 

 appears to me the most natural, and is the one nearest approaching 

 the classification I have here proposed. 



The Papilionidae are not represented in the Amazon region by a 

 great diversity of forms. Of the nine described genera of the sub- 

 family Papilioninae only one is found, and of the sixteen genera of 

 Pierina^ only four. The genera, however, are rather numerously 

 represented in species, and most of the species in individuals. Of the 

 genus Papilio there are found 35 species and subspecies, besides 8 

 well-marked local varieties^forming altogether about 28 true or good 

 species ; of Leptalis 13, of Pieris 11, of Callklryas 7, and of Terias 1 7. 

 Many of them, however, are very closely allied to each other. I have, 

 in the review of the species, adopted the principle of discriminating and 



* Since writing the above, I have acquired a copy of Ilorsfield's " Catalogue of 

 tlie Lepicl. Ins. Mus. East India Company." I find therein that the discovery 

 aUuded to by Erichson had been made by Dr. Horsfield, and published in 1828. 

 This author investigated thoroughly the structure of the fore legs, both male and 

 female, in the Lycfenidae. He foimd a single claw at the tip of the male tarsi in 

 some genera ; in others the claws of the female were much reduced. The East 

 Indian Archipelago contains a number of aberrant genera of this family, which 

 are probably transition -forms to Pierida^ and Erycinidw. It is remarkable that 

 these important investigations of Dr. Horsfield should have remained so long 

 inutilized by the leading authors of works on the Lepidoptera. 



t Lepidoptera Scandinavise Rhopalocera, disposita et descripta. Auctore 

 J. Wallengren. Malmoe, \^\^?y. 



\ Versuch die Europaj'schen Lepidopteren in mogliohst nahirliche Eeihenfolge 

 zu stellen, &c. Verhandl. des zool.-bot. Ver. Wien. 



