42 FOSSIL TURTLES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
America at that time yet harbored Dermatemydide; while Europe gave asylum to 
Chelydride and to the peculiar genus Ptychogaster. 
During the Miocene, land tortoises, Vestudinidz, abounded in both America 
and Europe, turtles especially characteristic of dry lands. Europe possest various 
genera of Emydidz and species of Chelydra, a genus now found only in North 
iGaatier but apparently a late immigrant thither. 
There are evidences that during the Phocene the turtle population of Europe 
diminisht in genera, species, and probably in individuals. “Trionychidz were still 
found in Italy. , but are not known after this time in Europe. 
An interesting region for the student of chelonians is found in India. Here 
numerous species of Trionychide, Emydide, and Testudinide have been exhumed 
from late Tertiary; but most of the forms < appear to belong to existing genera. 
From the Upper Eocene fluviomarine beds of the Fayum of Egypt we have 
recently secured a most interesting and instructive addition to our knowledge of 
the turtles of that time, Dr. C. W. Andrews having described g species from Thee 
beds. One of these 1s a species of Psephophorus, related to Dermochelys. Of 
Testudo there are 3 species, a shell of one of which had a length of 1500 mm. A 
portion of the skull of a supposed species of Thalassochelys is also described. Of 
Podocnemis there are 2 species. Besides these, a new genus of Pleurodira, Ste- 
reogenys, with remarkable characters, is made known to us. 
We must not omit to mention that remarkable Pleurodiran turtle, Mrolania, 
which was originally described from remains found in Pleistocene deposits on 
Lord Howe Teliad. east of Australia. A second species was afterward discovered 
in Queensland, Australia; and more recently Dr. A. S. Woodward has described 
a third species from northern Patagonia. Outside the remarkable structure of 
this turtle, it becomes interesting for the reason that its presence in the regions 
named appears to confirm the theory that there was once land connection between 
Australia and South America. 
