TESTUDINIDZ. 425 
T. radiata, except that they are relatively thinner, the hinder border is sharp, and they lie in 
a plane which passes thru the acetabula. The distance between the points of these processes 
is 130 mm. The upper surface of the ischia, in the midline, is deeply excavated. The process 
on the under side of each ischium which rests on the plastron is 55 mm. wide, and rather flat 
below and behind. 
The limbs of this tortoise were of the short and heavy type, like those of T. radiata, of 
Madagascar. Fig. 558 shows the left femur seen from the hinder, or ventral, surface. The 
length is 144 mm. The surface of the bone is strongly imprest for the insertion of muscles. 
The head is large, its greatest width being 58 mm., and the distance from the uppermost 
border, when in position, to the lower surface of the ridge joining the trochanters is 73 mm. 
The notch separating the greater from the lesser trochanter is very shallow, as is likewise the 
intertrochanteric fossa. The shaft is comprest at the middle of the length, the perpendicular 
1 
Fics. 555 AND 556.—Testudo oshorntana. Carapace and plastron of type. 2. 
555. Carapace. 556. Plastron. 
diameter, when the femur is in its natural position, being 30 mm., the horizontal diameter 
22mm. The epicondyles are strongly developt. The diameter of the bone through these is 
64 mm. The condyles join each other by a strongly developt groove. 
As is to be seen from fig. 559, the tibia (t7b) is stout. Its length is 100 mm.; the diameter 
through the tuberosities at the proximal end is 45 mm. The diameter of the shaft between the 
middle and the distal thirds is 18 mm. 
The fibula (fig. 559, 2b) is 88 mm. long and 20 mm. broad at the proximal end, and 27 mm. 
at the distal end. 
The bones of the tarsus and toes are somewhat disturbed and some are missing. The 
fibulare (fig. 559) evidently coalesct with the astragalus to form the astragalo-calcaneum. 
The articular surfaces for the tibia and fibula are strongly concave, and their boundaries are 
sharply markt. This bone measures from one side to the other 42 mm. Distally there is on 
the tibial side a long convex articular surface for those tarsals of the second row which support 
the first, second, and third digits. On the fibular side is a deeply concave surface for the 
fourth tarsal of the second row. 
