XII 
to examine some typical species in the Leyden Museum and 
in the British Museum and beg to express our thanks to Miss 
C. Popta and Mr. C. TATE REGAN. We are also indebted to 
Dr. PELLEGRIN, who had the kindness to inform us about a 
few types in the Muséum d’histoire naturelle at Paris. 
In describing the fishes we understand by Length in the 
discussions of the proportions, the distance between the snout 
and the base of the caudal fin; in giving the largest size 
known for a species, we include the caudal fin. 
The Head is measured from the tip of the snout to the end 
of the opercle, its proportion to the length is indicated e.g. 
as follows: head 4—4'/, means, that the length of the head 
is contained 4 to 4'/, times in the length. 
Height is the maximum height; in special cases it is indi- 
cated how it is measured; the figures placed behind “height” 
indicate how many times it is contained in the length. 
The size of the “ye, the length of the Szouz, of the Faws 
etc. are compared with the length of the head; thus ‘eye 4” 
means, that its diameter is '/, of the length of the head. 
In counting the Scales, under *Z./.” is given the number of 
scales, with or without sensory organs, between the head and 
the caudal fin or, in most cases, between that fin and the 
upper corner of the opercle. 
1 
pe? h signifies, that there are 3'/, rows of scales between 
6 (7) 
the dorsal and the lateral line and 6 to 7 below it, the lateral 
line itself not counted. There are cases, in which Z. 7. means 
the transverse series of scales in the maximum height of the 
fish; when applying other methods, this is indicated in the 
description of the species. 
In the Fin formulae the spines and the simple, non-branched 
rays are generally indicated by a figure, separated by a point 
from that of the number of the branched rays. 
The last soft ray of the dorsal, in case it is cleft to the base 
and therefore counted as two by some authors (BLFEKER ¢. g.), 
is reckoned as one, being supported by a single pterygophore. 
The Gzllmembranes may be totally free from each other and 
from the isthmus; they may be united, but still remain free 
from the isthmus; or they may be connected with the isthmus 
and with each other. When in the last case the posterior 
border of the united gillmembranes is not quite adnate to 
