182 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
This development of one or both of the brow antlers is consid- 
ered by some of the European naturalists to be so characteristic 
of the American Woodland Caribou that they rely upon it alone 
to distinguish the American Woodland from the Barren Ground 
Caribou, as well as from the old-world species. Several mag- 
nificent heads of the Barren Ground Caribou from Labrador, in 
the Smithsonian at Washington, show one heavily palmated brow 
antler, and consequently such palmation cannot be confined to 
the Woodland group. Among the Newfoundland species both 
brow antlers are occasionally heavily palmated, and almost sym- 
metrical. This double palmation occurs in one out of six or 
eight heads, but is much more rare in the Woodland Caribou of 
the mainland, and apparently occurs but seldom among the Bar- 
ren Ground Caribou. 
FOSSIL FORMS. 
The distinction between the two types referred to above as 
the Barren Ground Caribou and the Woodland Caribou is found 
not only among the existing species, but is clearly foreshadowed 
in the fossil remains found in the pre-glacial and inter-glacial 
deposits of the British Isles and continental Europe. The fossil 
reindeer found in the oldest Pleistocene deposits in Norway, 
Ireland, western and southern France, and in the Pyrenees are 
practically identical with the existing Scandinavian species. The 
Pyrenees were their extreme southern limit, and it is probable 
that they appeared there only as winter migrants. 
In these deposits the antlers referable to the Barren Ground 
group are round, slender, and long in proportion to the small 
size of the animal, and the beam and the tines, including the 
brow tine, are but little palmated. The antlers of the Woodland 
Caribou group, on the other hand, are flatter, thicker, and more 
heavily palmated, both on the beam and tines, especially the brow 
antler, while the tine immediately above the brow antler, and cor- 
responding to the bez-tine in the red deer (Cervus), is elaborately 
developed, and palmated in marked contrast to the same tine in 
the Barren Ground group. The development of this tine, the 
writer considers to be the most distinctive character separating 
the two types. There are also important differences in the angle 
of curve in the main beam. In Stone’s Caribou this tine is of a 
