SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 183 
somewhat intermediate character. The fossil remains of the 
Woodland Caribou denote a larger animal, and this contrast in 
size holds good to-day between the existing species of the two 
groups. 
DISTRIBUTION OF THE VARIOUS SPECIES. 
At the beginning of the glacial period there was a land con- 
nection between Greenland, Spitzbergen, and Norway, which was 
in turn joined to Scotland and to Ireland, thence across England 
to the Continent; and it was over this land connection that the 
Arctic Barren Ground Caribou found its way into Western 
Europe. At that period, those portions of Russia lying between 
the Black Sea and the White Sea and the major part of Sweden 
were entirely submerged, as well as a large part of northern and 
eastern Germany. This condition prevented the spread of this 
group into Eastern Europe at that time. Its extreme eastern 
limit was near Berlin, where in one of the oldest Pleistocene de- 
posits fossil remains of the Barren Ground Caribou have been 
found. At a much later period, probably during the interglacial 
phase of the glacial period, a land connection was established 
across Russia, and an invasion of Siberian mammals took place, 
bringing with it the Woodland Caribou. This animal pushed as 
far west as England, the north and east of France, but never 
reached either Scandinavia or Ireland, the latter having become 
detached from England at that time. 
In the lands lying south of the Baltic this Woodland type 
abounded, increasing in numbers toward the east, but vanished 
before the historic period. Some member of the genus, probably 
the existing reindeer, persisted in the forests of Northern Europe 
until comparatively recent times, and were known to the Romans 
as inhabitants of the German forests. In fact, there is some 
slight evidence of the existence of reindeer in Caithness, Scot- 
land, as late as the twelfth century. 
All fossil remains found in Siberia and Eastern Europe are 
of the Woodland Caribou type, but all existing species found in 
Europe or Siberia to-day belong to the Barren Ground group, 
with the possible exception of a race in eastern Siberia, which 
may be found to belong to the Woodland group. 
It thus appears that the separation of the two groups, the 
Barren Ground Caribou and the Woodland Caribou, dates from 
