192 NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
as black as a moose. The antlers of Osborn’s caribou are lar 
and sweeping, and are characterized by large size, often palmatic LM 
and prongs at the end of the main beam. The posterior prons 
on the main beam is nearly always very heavy. The brow antlers 
also are sometimes greatly developed. The range of this animal 
is probably much the same as that of Stone’s mountain sheep, the 
southern limit in each case being the Rocky Mountain divide 
separating the head waters of the Peace and Fraser Rivers. On 
the north this splendid animal probably extends into Alaska anc 
the head waters of the Yukon River. 
Professor J. A. Allen describes the relations of R. montanus 
and Ft. osborni as follows: 
“ Rangifer montanus, in late September pelage, may be de- 
scribed in general terms as a black caribou, with the neck and 
shoulders, especially in the males, much lighter than the body 
and limbs; while R. osborm, in corresponding pelage, is a brown 
caribou, with much more white on the rump and posterior ventral 
surface, and the whole neck and shoulders, as well as the back 
and limbs, much lighter than in Fk. montanus. 
“The specimens of R. montanus are without measurements, 
but the species is apparently about the same size as FR. osborm, 
as shown by the measurements of the skull. 
“In addition to the marked contrast in color, there are strik- 
ing differences in the size and form of the antlers in the two 
forms, the antlers of R. montanus being of the typical Woodland 
Caribou type, and in their relative shortness and much-branched 
character recall strongly the antlers of FR. terraenovae, but they 
are much lighter and more slender than in that species. They 
have the same abrupt upward curvature of the main beam, in 
contrast with the much longer and heavier and more depressed 
backward-sweeping main beam seen in F#. osborni.” 
Toward the end of the Pleistocene period the Island of New- 
foundland, extending over the now submerged banks to the south- 
east, was connected with Labrador over the Straits of Belle Islé 
which even now are little more than nine miles wide. Betwee 
Newfoundland and Cape Breton and Nova Scotia on the west, 
the present Straits of Cabot formed part of a deep sea which 
NEWFOUNDLAND CARIBOU. 
