112 TRANSACTIONS OF THE [san. 20, 
posite side of the little cafion it is less than 20 feet with the con- 
tact concealed. The coal is roofed by 1 foot 7 inches of lami- 
nated shale, black at the bottom, with 7 feet 6 inches of clay and 
6 feet of sandstone above. 
The upper division of the coal is evidently the “ rider” coal 
of openings further down. The lower division shows no distinct 
partings but has a streak of ‘“‘ bone,” sometimes 6 inches thick 
but very irregular and often absent. The coal varies much but 
is anthracite in both divisions. For the most part, it compares 
well with any from Pennsylvania, though the lustre is less bril- 
liant, but some portions are rudely prismatic and have a gray- 
ish black tint not unlike that of the Rhode Island graphitic 
anthracite. The coal is jointed and slipped throughout and in 
many portions the surfaces of fracture resemble those of Ken- 
tucky birdseye cannel. 
The coaly shale below rests on shaly clay which passes g orad- 
ually into impure fireclay. 
Numerous pits have been opened further down the cafion, but 
no systematic mining has been done above Madrid, where one 
comes to the Lucas mine. A fine breaker with a daily capacity 
of 800 tons has been erected there at the terminus of a branch 
railway from Waldo station, about two miles distant on the 
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé railway. 
The section exposed along the tramway leading from the mine 
to the breaker is 
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It, Sandstone, Seen... 0:;: 0-0 «sian eee af 
The “rider” coal bed seen near the Boyle mine at only 1’ 3’ 
above the main seam is represented here by an irregular seam, 
several, sometimes 6 feet above, the interval being filled with 
clay, which forms the roof in this mine—a roof which would be 
regarded as very insecure in a moist climate, but which proves 
a source of very little anxiety in this arid spot, to which all the 
water consumed must be brought by rail. The White Ash coal 
is from 2/ 4’’ to 2’ 7’ thick near the mouth of the slope, but 
