1896. | NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113 
within the mine it sometimes becomes 4 feet, though seldom ex- 
ceeding 3 feet. The Sandstone, No. 11, is an insignificant fea- 
ture here and for some distance beyond, but below the White 
Ash mine it becomes a well-marked horizon. 
The slope in the Lucas mine is somewhat more than 1,000 feet 
long toward the south of east and levels have been set off both 
right and left at distances of approximately 100 feet, so that a 
large amount of coal has been removed. The bed dips regu- 
larly almost toward the east and the fall along the slope is about 
26 feet per hundred. 
The coal as seen in the breaker gives evidence of having been 
subjected to great pressure ; some portions have been so crushed 
and rolled that the coal is laminated as much as that from some 
Vespertine localities in Virginia, and the polished surfaces, often 
curved, are frequently not more than one-fourth of an inch apart. 
Yet the fragments have been so consolidated as to bear hand- 
ling fairly well and to yield in the breaker a large proportion of 
marketable coal. Other portions, yielding less waste, show 
equally well the effect of movement and consequent crushing, 
for they are jointed in two systems and often break into rhom- 
boidal prisms. In still other portions the influence of disturb- 
ance is not shown, for large specimens with conchoidal fracture 
like that of the Pennsylvania anthracite exhibit the type. The 
bed contains some “ bone” at this mine, but the thickness is un- 
important and its distribution very irregular. 
The most profitable coal is found in the Ist and 2d levels 
south ; that in the 4d and 4th is of excellent quality, but some- 
what inferior to the other; in the other southerly levels the coal 
becomes less and less good, so that at the end of the slope, 
about 1,000 feet from the crop, the quality is quite inferior. 
The northerly levels all reach coal so tender as to be unprofit- 
able; the southerly boundary of the tender coal approaches the 
slope, so that it is reached in the 4th level north at only 400 feet. 
The Cunningham mine, at the lower end of the village of 
Madrid is about 1,100 feet long. It entered tender coal almost 
at once and its first level southerly was carried to within about 
500 feet of the first northerly level of the Lucas. 
The White Ash mine, below Madrid, and the most extensive 
in this region, was opened and much coal taken from it before 
the present company secured control of the territory. At the 
time of examination the slope had been driven 3,100 feet and its 
face was almost under Ortiz cafion, being practically at the 
angle between that cafion and the irregular ravine followed by 
the road from Madrid. Two “rider coals” within twelve feet 
TRANSACTIONS N, Y. ACAD. ScI., Vol. XV., Sig. 8, April 10, 1896. 
