1896. ] NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 119° 
explained, unless we regard the coal as originally different in 
composition at the White Ash and Lucas localities, since the 
anthracite owes its origin not to longer continuance of the pro- 
cess of conversion from vegetable to coal, but to the prompt 
action of heat causing metamorphism. 
The distance between good bituminous coal and good anthra- 
cite is little more than 2,000 feet along the strike; but it must 
be remembered that the anthracitic character is not lost ab- 
ruptly in the northerly levels of the Lucas mine; the change 
takes place gradually, so that even where the mining ceased at 
500 feet north from the slope much of the coal is very good. 
Mining was stopped because the coal is so much broken as to be 
wasted in the breaker. It should be rernembered also that the 
space between the White Ash and Lucas contains some anthra- 
cite of the best quality, as was proved in the sixth level, south 
of the former mine. At the same time there is every reason to 
believe that a very great portion of the space between the two 
mines is occupied by the “ tender’’ coal, showing gradual transi- 
tion from anthracite to bituminous. 
The Cook-White bed, about 150 feet below the White Ash, 
shows a similar change in character, though analyses have not 
been made of the different grades. Fragments on the dumps of 
old openings south from Madrid shows that the coal is anthra- 
cite. At the lower end of Madrid, about midway between the 
Lucas and White Ash mines and almost directly under the en- 
trance to the Cunningham mine, the coal of the lower bed is 
tender, but less so than that from the upper bed, even in the 
Cunningham. An analysis of coal from this mine by W. D. 
Church gives its composition as 
\WVDIR OD acs oleh anonsicbiaee aes veners Asean endgame 1.10 
Wroltillem\VaGtelter at totais tse acts Qeenne 5 ee 30.20 
1A orc h a GIS OY i welilge haba a nhl rh alee Aa nar Re 60.94 
INET ede Sx LG EE Be SARS A hee er dg te Meus 
NO Gas ed ee A Le iy sa 100.00 
which shows that it contains much less volatile than the White 
Ash at a little way farther north. The results of this analysis 
do not agree with those of a test of two carloads. The coal 
was supposed from its appearance to be rich in gas, but the 
trial is reported to have shown a yield of only 2,000 cubic feet 
per ton. As White Ash coal yields about 10,000 cubic feet of 
gas per ton, it would appear that the Cook-White coal from this 
pit should average not more than eight per cent. of volatile. 
No analyses of this coal have been made from any locality 
