MONSTROSITIES. 277 



sides occasioning some deleterious effect. Sometimes the lower jaw Is twisted 

 round to one side, and may likewise be lengthened. 



Among single monsters the tail fin may be more or less horizontal like that 

 of a shrimp (plate xii, fig. 5), or the body may be curved so as to form a circle 

 round the yelk-sac (plate xii, fig. 12), or laterally (plate xii, fig. 18). Or the 

 head may be much developed while the remainder of the body is rudimentary and 

 much resembles a tadpole. The head may be variously malformed. 



In some forms we may observe distinct pathological changes in the spinal 

 column as has been observed by several authors as " The Hog-backed trout of 

 Plinlimmon," Camhridge Quart. Mag. 1833, p. 391 ; Cobbold, Edinh. New Fliil. 

 Jour. ii. 1855, plate vi. In plate xii, fig. 12 is the figure of a young 

 trout in which the spinal column is bent into an almost semi-circular 

 form and is of very great interest. It has been observed among the eggs 

 transmitted to long distances that there are always some alevins born with 

 spines curved into a more or less circular form. Attempting to swim 

 they go round like dancing dervishes and die on the absorption of the 

 yelk-sac. If, however, they are malformed to a lesser extent we find 

 spinal disease and a hiinch-backed fish resulting. In 1747 Mr. Barrington 

 sent a paper to the Royal Society on the Hog-haclced Trout of Plinlimmon. He 

 remarked that they occurred in watersheds where there were considerable falls, 

 and theoretically it seemed pi-obable that such might be occasioned by injuries 

 occurring to the embryo, and in 1886 I tried what would be the effects of 

 concussion on eggs and their contents* {see p. 41 ante), and while the embr3'0 

 was still unhatched : and assisted by Mr. S. Wethered, F.6.S., we ascertained that 

 concvission had occasioned spinal injury (plate xii, fig. 15). In accordance with 

 its extent the young fish has curvature of this portion of the body, and in the 

 slightest cases they recover but with shortening of the spinal column, occasioning 

 hog-backed deformity (plate xii, fig. 14). 



* The concussion of water falling from an elevation would act very similarly to the eggs being 

 dropped from a height and might occasion spinal irritation with subsequent disease and absorption 

 of the bodies of the vertebra', thus reducing the length of the spinal column as figured, and, as is 

 also very commonly seen in members of the cod family, but in nature these are soon eaten up. 



