XXVUl MEMOIR. 



used to Scandinavia; while no people could be more attentive and 

 obliging to Wolley and his friends (as Mr. Hudleston and I found, 

 when we were there) than the landlord and his household. Since 

 in Lapland sheep are kept chiefly for their wool, and calves hardly 

 ever grow into oxen, no doubt there was often a trying dearth of 

 butcher's meat, the place of which was ill taken by fish of rather poor 

 quality and a very irregular supply of wildfowl ; but all depended on 

 the season, and for eight or nine mouths in the year there was plenty 

 of game and venison to be had, the time of scarcity being the shoi't 

 summer and early autumn. Awaj^ from Muoniovara things were 

 very different; and if hunger might sometimes be felt there, it was 

 certain to be so on even a brief absence, unless due provision (in 

 every sense of the word) were taken against it^ while a long journey 

 required considerable preparation. 



On Wolley's first arrival at Muoniovara he at once fell in with a 

 lad, of about sixteen or seventeen years of age, already addicted 

 to looking for birds' nests and good at finding them. Not only was 

 he able to shew Wolley three Redwings' nests, the first the latter had 

 ever seen (§§ 1308-1310), but he could tell of other birds that he had 

 observed in the course of his ordinary work in the woods, in the hay- 

 fields, or on the river. This was Ludwig, the elder of the two sons 

 of Knoblock, the old man already mentioned, whom conscientious 

 scruples had reduced from prosperity to something like poverty. 

 Speaking both languages indifferently, for his mother (the daughter 

 of a former pastor at Muonioniska) was by race a Finn^ able to read 

 and write, and endowed with unusual intelligence, Ludwig proved 

 himself the worthy son of his father, and, once taken into Wollev's 

 service, remained in it to the end, earning day by day the confidence 

 of his master, whom he accompanied on most of his excursions 

 except Avhen specially employed — and finally he was often so 

 employed — on distant missions to Norway or elsewhere. Few 

 were the occasions on which his conduct ever called for reproof, 

 and those were of trifling importance. Strong, active, and endurino-, 

 he Avas always cheerful and given to make light of hardship or toil ; 

 while the dangers of travel— and in Lapland they are often real— had 

 for him no terror. But, above all, his truthfulness commended him 

 mostly to his master, himself the embodiment of truth. What 



