6 



2. — Friday, January 11th. — Geological Changes now ix Pkogkess. Part II — Dis- 

 solving of rock materials by water. The work of animals and plants. Limestones 

 and coral reefs. The internal heat of the earth. Volcanoes. Earthquakes, Rising 

 and sinking of land. Changes proceeding beneath the earth's surface. 



3. — Friday, Januaiy 18th — Geological Changes of Former Ages. Part I. — The 

 relative age of rocks. The chief kinds. The scries of formations. Geological time. 

 False bedding. Fresh-water and marine beds : how distinguished. Consolidation 

 of beds. Cleavage. Fossilization. Disturbance. Inclination and contortion of 

 beds. 



4. — January 25th. — Geological Changes of Former Ages. Part IT. — ^Disturbance 

 (continued). Production of faults. Formation of mountains, valleys, plains, and 

 lakes. Denudation or removal of rock masses. Inland cliffs. Unconformity. 

 Intrusions of igneous rock. Volcanic action of former ages. 



5. — Friday, Febniary 1st. — The Paleozoic or Older Formations. — The oldest known 

 rocks. The Lawrentian of the Hebrides. The Cambrian of Wales. Slate. The 

 Silurian of Shropshire. Welsh volcanoes. Salopian coral reefs. The Devonian 

 and Old Red Sandstone. The Carboniferous Limestone of Lancashire. The Coal 

 formation of Wigan. Origin of coal. The Permian of Manchester. 



6 — Friday, February 8th. — The Neozoic or Xeweu Formations. — The Trias or New 

 Red Sandstone of Liverjjool. The Great Salt Lake of Cheshire. The Jurassic of 

 Yorkshire. Clays, limestones, and coal-beds. Fidlers' earth. Building stones. 

 The Wealden of Su«sex. The ancient Delta. The Cretaceous of Fiamborough. 

 Origin of chalk and flint. The Eocene of London. The Miocene of Mull. The 

 Pliocene of Suffolk. The Drift of Blackpool. The Glacial epoch. The Recent 

 period. 



7. — Friday, February 15th. — The Search for Mineral Deposits. — Mode in which 

 useful minerals occur. Beds of co.al, ironstone, rock-salt, slate, building-stone, &c. 

 Veins or lodes of copper, tin, lead, silver, &c. Irregular deposits. The actual 

 search. Boring for coal, &c. Shoading. The divining rod. 



8. — Friday, February 22nd. — Mining Operations in General. — Modes of "breaking 

 ground." Tools used. Blasting. Application of electricity. Sinking of shafts. 

 Driving of levels. Means of ascent and descent. 



9. — Friday, March 1st. — Working of Mines. — The extraction of metallic ores. 

 "Stoping." Systems of payment. Working of coal and ironstone. The "pillar" 

 system. The "long wall" system. The exploitation of beds of excjptional 

 thickness. 



10. — Friday, March 8th. — The Ventilation and Lighting of Mines. — Necessity for 

 ventilation. Noxious gases. Fire-damp. Explosions. Natural and artiticial 

 ventilation. Use of furnaces and machines. Distribution of air in the mine. 

 Open lights. Safety lamps. Education of the miner. 



TEN LECTURES ON THE NON-MF,TALLIC ELEMENTS. 



Illustrated with Diagrams and Experiments. — By Mr. Newton Samuelson, F.C.S., 



Certificated Teacher of Chemistry. 



1. — Monday, January 7th. — The general Principles of Chemical Philosophy. 



2, — Monday, January 14th. — Laws of Combination. Combining Weights and Chemical 



Equivalents. 

 3. — Monday, January 21st. — Combining Volumes. Chemical Symbols and their use in 



the Explanation of Chemical Changes. The Atomic Theory. The Theory of 



Salts. 



