80 BULLETIN OF THE LIVERPOOL MUSEUMS. 
Ballas bracelets “were made by chipping rings of flint naturally formed.” 
M. de Morgan, on the other hand, suggests the manner of fabrication to have 
been what our figures prove was certainly one method of procedure, and he 
believes that the piercing of the “trow initial” was done by means of a 
pointed punch of quartz. Punches, indeed, made of flint flakes which might 
well have been so used, occur in Mr. Seton-Karr’s collection. Mr. Spurrell 
observes also that in section these beautifully and delicately finished rings 
show ‘“a great change at the surface, greater than their age would warrant 
if made out of flint directly from the rock, though just such an amount as 
might be expected from flint which had lost part of its silica by exposure 
in the gravel and become porous.” The ring fragments figured on page 82 
have been made out of flint quarried directly from the rock ; but as 
different qualities of flint apparently vary in rate of weathering, it may 
still be that these Abydos and Ballas specimens are really the final stage 
of such rings, as Fig. 8 and those now in the Oxford Museum, when they 
are made of weathered flint. Yet, on the other hand, it is more probable 
that the “morpholite flints,” being in a different physical condition, were 
the first stage of those marvellously delicate bijowx which were perhaps, 
therefore, made chiefly by careful grinding and little, if at all, by chipping. 
(}) Axe and Chisel-like Tools.— These implements, illustrated on 
pages 83 to 86 (Figs. 9 to 17), have all a general axelike form. The 
majority of them are more or less pointed at one end, with a wider rounded, 
but not a finely worked effective or cutting edge at the other, and were very 
probably intended to be attached to a split wooden handle. Figs. 9, 10, and 
11 are implements elegant in shape, narrowing from their pointed end in a grace- 
ful outward curve to their widest part, whence commences their arcuate edge. 
Fig. 9 is 7} inches in length by 4,%, at its widest part. Mr. Seton-Karr has 
figured in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, vol. xxvii. pl. i. fig. 2 
(1897), a very finished specimen of this type (found by Johnson Pasha), of the 
same dimensions as Fig. 9. Fig. 10 —7,°, inches long—widens gradually from 
its narrower (unfortunately broken) end towards its operative edge, where it 
is 5 inches wide. Fig. 11, in size 6,5, inches long by 3,5, at its widest part 
where the arcuate edge commences, is less neatly finished. Fig. 15, which is 
6 inches long by 3 at the tangents to its cutting edge, is very similar to it. 
Fig. 12 is 8}} inches in length, and has its margins convex and the cutting 
edge nearly straight, and so its widest part (44 inches) is near the middle of 
the blade. Though larger, this specimen closely resembles two implements 
found in the kitchen-middens of Kom-Achim, and figured by M. de Morgan 
in his Recherches sur les Origines de ? Egypte, vol. i. page 140, figs. 296, 297. 
Fig. 13 (83%; inches long by 5;), at its widest part) is more pointed at the 
narrower end than any of the specimens so far noticed, and has its cutting 
edge more arcuate. Fig. 14 is of quite a different form, and had probably 
also a different use. It is 9Z inches in greatest length, and 5,%, in greatest 
breadth. It is a flattish spear-shaped flint, with an equilateral triangular 
tang 23 inches beyond its widest part, for attachment, perhaps, to a shaft 
by a figure-of-eight lashing, so as to be used as a spear or javelin point. 
In its present unfinished state it is, however, impossible to say what it was 
really intended for. Fig. 17 is a very shapely chisel-like implement, 63 inches 
in length, widening gradually from 2 inches at its head to 3 inches at its 
widest part, where the arcuate edge begins. It is flat on one surface, and 
flattish, though more flaked, on the other, having a thickness of 4 to ? inch. 
It is remarkably similar to examples of ‘axes’ or ‘hoe-blades’ figured by 
M. de Morgan in the work already cited (vol. i. figs. 76*, 77, and 78, p. 96, 

* This specimen measures 64 inches in length, and widening from 1} at the head to 
3,5 at the tangents to its cutting edges, while its thickness is + inch. 
By 
